Lab 2 exam Flashcards by Jessi Hayes

Breath sounds that are not normal

Adventitious sounds

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Visible and palpable angulation between the sternum and manubrium

Angle of Louis

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a small outpouching along the walls of the alveolar sacs through which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place

Alveoli

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Main trunk of systemic arterial circulation

Aorta

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a lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

Anorexia

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a thin-walled branch of a bronchus

Bronchiole

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either of the two primary divisions of the trachea that lead respectively into the right and the left lung

Bronchi

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the third and lowest segment of the human sternum

Xiphoid Process

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an anterior ear-shaped pouch in each atrium of the human heart

auricles

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a chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries

ventricles

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difficult or labored respiration

dyspnea

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saliva mixed with mucus or pus, expectorated from the lungs and respiratory passages

sputum

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The interval between each rib

intercostal space

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The angle between the upper part of the sternum and the body of the sternum

sternal angle

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an unusually or abnormally rapid or violent beating of the heart

palpitation

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The part of the body comprising the epigastrium and anterior surface of the lower thorax

precordium

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the pouch that marks the beginning of the large intestine

cecum

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an opening or foramen, especially in a bone or bony structure, as the opening of the ear or nose

meatus

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pertaining to the epigastrium

epigastric

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of, pertaining to, or situated in the hypogastrium

hypogastric

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pertaining to a location above the symphysis pubis

suprapubic

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Enlargement of the left ventricle often linked to the prolonged hemodynamic stress of CHF

left ventricular hypertrophy

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Difficulty in swallowing or inability to swallow

dysphagia

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bowel movements occur less often than usual or consist of hard, dry stools

constipation

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inability to control excretory functions

incontinence

A tumor with a small flap that attaches itself to the wall of various vascular organs such as the nose, uterus and rectum. They bleed easily, and if they are suspected to be cancerous they should be surgically removed.

polyps

The soft internal organs of the body, especially those contained within the abdominal and thoracic cavities; The intestines

viscera

Shaped like a boat; hollow

scaphoid

Difficult or painful urination

dysuria

respiratory rate less than 11 breaths per minute ; rate and depth is smooth and even

bradypnea

respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute ; rate and depth are smooth and even ; can be caused by fever, fear or activity

tachypnea

hyperventilation ; very deep and laborious breathing

kussmauls

Inspiration is equal to expiration(1-1) ; moderate pitch/ medium noise; normal location is located 1st & 2nd intercostal spaces at sternal border (anteriorly); T4 medial to the scapula (posteriorly) ; abnormal location is in the peripheral lung fields

bronchovesicular breath sounds

Inspiration is shorter than expiration(1-2) ; high pitch/ loud noise ; normal location is over trachea ; abnormal location is in peripheral lung fields

Bronchial breath sounds

Inspiration is longer than expiration (2.5-1) ; low pitch/soft noise ; normal location is in the peripheral lung fields

vesicular breath sounds

Ribs should slope down at 45 degrees ; anteroposterior diameter is about 1/2 of lateral diameter; thorax should be symmetric ; muscle development equal ; costal angle should be less than 90 degrees

normal shape of a chest

crackling and popping noises heard in inspiration ; not cleared by cough ; heard in pneumonia, heart failure, asthma, and restrictive pulmonary diseases

crackles or rales

intervals of apnea interspersed with a deep and rapid breathing pattern

cheyne stokes breathing

horizontal ribs ; increased anteroposterior diameter ; costal angle greater than 90 degrees

barrel chest

low pitched, coarse, loud, snoring or moaning tone ; heard primarily during expiration but may also be heard during inspiration ; coughing may clear ; heard in disorders causing obstruction of the trachea or bronchus

rhonchi

superficial, low pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound ; heard throughout ; not cleared by cough ; heard in individuals with pleurisy

pleural friction rub

fainting spells

syncope

leaning forward with arms braced against knees, chair, or bed ; suggests respiratory distress

tripod position

0= absent 1= diminished 2=normal 3+=bounding

pulse amplitude ratings

< 3 seconds

brisk capillary refill

>3 seconds

slow capillary refill

60 - 100 beats per minute

expected findings when checking pulses

<60bpm

bradycardia

>100bpm

tachycardia

equal spacing between heart beats

regular rhythm

easily palpable, smooth upstroke ; how easily the pulse is palpated

amplitude

1+ = barely perceptible pit 2+=deeper pit, rebounds in a few seconds 3+= deep pit, rebounds in 10-20 second 4+= deeper pit, rebounds in >30 seconds

pitting edema scale

palpating in lower third of neck for pulse

carotid pulse

palpating in antecubital fossa for pulse

brachial pulse

palpating on thumb side of forearm at the wrist for pulse

radial pulse

palpating below inguinal ligament between symphis pubis and anterior iliac crest for pulse

femoral pulse

palpating behind the knee for pulse

popliteal pulse

palpating inner aspect of the ankle for pulse

posterior tibialis pulse

palpating on top of foot between first and second toes for pulse

pedal pulse

___________ before palpating and percussing the abdomen so that bowel sounds or pain is not altered

auscultate

use the _______ of the stethoscope when auscultating bowel sounds

diaphragm

bulges during coughing indicate an abdominal ______

hernia

palpate the abdomen deeply for tenderness, masses and _____ pulsation

aortic

palpation 4-6cm into abdomen

deep palpation

borborygmi, frequent, hyperactive, loud

types of bowel sounds

gas expelled rectally

flatus

decrease in amount/frequency of stool

constipation

irregular heart beat

dysrhythmia

sustained swishing or blowing sounds heard at the beginning or the middle or end of the systolic or diastolic phase

murmur

increase in frequency/ watering stool

diarrhea

nonvisible blood in the stool

occult blood

bloody stool/ black tarry stool

melena

indicates a lack of peristalsis

absent bowel sounds/ hypoactive

loud growling sounds which indicate increase GI motility . inflammation of the bowel diarrhea bleeding can all cause this

hyperactive sounds/ borborydmi

soft gurgling or clicking sounds that occurs regularly

Normal bowel sounds

Loud audible bowel sounds

borborygmi

High pitch, Rate: 5-30

Normal bowel sounds

Soft pitch, Irregular rate Less than 5, Extended periods of time

Hypo active bowel sounds

high pitched musical sounds similar to a squeak ; heard more commonly during expiration, but may be heard in inspiration ; occurs in small airways such as asthma

wheezing

High Pitch, Greater than 30, Stethoscope not necessary

Hyperactive bowel sounds

Stool colors and significance

bright red, tarry black, light tan or gray, pale yellow

hemorrhoidal or lower rectal bleeding

Bright Red

upper intestinal tract bleeding or excessive iron or bismuth ingestion

Tarry Black

Obstructions of the biliary tract (obstructive jaundice)

Light Tan or Gray

Malabsorption Syndrome

Pale Yellow

No sounds heard when listened in all four quadrants and for 5 min

Absent bowel sounds

Striae

Stretch marks

Is a protrusion of abdominal organs through the muscle wall

Hernia

Swelling by intestinal gas, tumor,or fluid in the abdominal cavity

Distention

Movement of contents through the intestines , which is a normal function of the large and small intestines

Peristalsis

The pain a patient may experience when the nurse quickly lifts his or her hand away after pressing it deeply into the involved area

Rebound tenderness

Localized dilations of a vessel wall

Aneurysm