lab 6

Question 1

What are the Unikonts?

Answer 1

The Unikonts are an odd compilation of unicellular to multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes, ranging from amoeba to humans.

Question 2

What is the triple gene fusion characteristic shared by Unikonts?

Answer 2

Unikonts share a triple gene fusion of enzymes involved in the synthesis of pyrimidine.

Question 3

Describe the movement of Amoebozoa.

Answer 3

Amoebozoa move by thick, tubular pseudopodia, not slender ones like in Rhizaria.

Question 4

What distinguishes Amoebozoa from Bikont eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Amoebozoa have the fusion of genes for synthesis of pyrimidine which Bikont eukaryotes lack.

Question 5

Explain the feeding mechanism of Amoeba proteus.

Answer 5

Amoeba proteus feeds by phagocytosis using its thick pseudopodia.

Question 6

What causes intestinal amoebiasis?

Answer 6

Entamoeba histolytica, a type of Tubulinid amoeba, causes intestinal amoebiasis.

Question 7

What is the significance of chitin in Opisthokonts?

Answer 7

Both fungi and some animals synthesize chitin for cell walls and outer coverings.

Question 8

How do Fungi and some animals absorb nutrients?

Answer 8

They use extracellular digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Question 9

What are the two sister clades of the Dikarya?

Answer 9

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.

Question 10

What is the result of the fusion of hyphae from plus and minus strains in Ascomycota?

Answer 10

Dikaryotic cells with one plus and one minus haploid nucleus.

Question 11

What is the name of the sexual reproductive structure in Ascomycota?

Answer 11

Ascocarp.

Question 12

At what point do the two nuclei of each dikaryotic cell in Ascomycota fuse to form a diploid cell?

Answer 12

At the upper surface of the ascocarp.

Question 13

How many haploid ascospores are produced in each ascus in Ascomycota?

Answer 13

Eight (8).

Question 14

What is the sexually reproductive diploid cell in Basidiomycota?

Answer 14

Basidium.

Question 15

What happens when hyphae of plus and minus strains fuse in Basidiomycota?

Answer 15

They form dikaryotic cells with one plus and one minus nucleus.

Question 16

What is the name of the dikaryotic above-ground fruiting body in Basidiomycota?

Answer 16

Basidiocarp.

Question 17

Where do the nuclei of each dikaryotic cell in Basidiomycota fuse to form a diploid basidium?

Answer 17

On the gills under the cap of a mushroom, or under a bracket fungus.

Question 18

How many haploid basidiospores are produced by meiosis in Basidiomycota?

Answer 18

Four.

Question 19

What polysaccharide are fungal walls made of?

Answer 19

Chitin

Question 20

Describe the basic body form of fungal hyphae.

Answer 20

Haploid filamentous hyphae that grow and intertwine into a haploid mycelium.

Question 21

What types of spores do fungi produce?

Answer 21

Both asexual and sexual spores.

Question 22

Explain the relationship between fungi and plants during land colonization.

Answer 22

Fungi and plants may have aided each other in survival. Evidence today is seen in mycorrhizae.

Question 23

What is the function of arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants?

Answer 23

They absorb minerals and ions from the soil and share them with the plant, receiving organic nutrients in return.

Question 24

What are Zygomycetes primarily known for and what is their mode of reproduction?

Answer 24

They are known as saprobes, decomposers, and parasites. Reproduction involves the fusion of gametangia to form a zygosporangium.

Question 25

Describe the key reproductive steps in the life cycle of Rhizopus (a Zygomycete).

Answer 25

Gametangia from plus and minus mating strains fuse to form a zygosporangium, leading to diploid zygospore formation and subsequent spore release.

Question 26

What is the main morphological feature distinguishing Ascomycetes?

Answer 26

The ascus, a sac-shaped structure containing haploid spores resulting from sexual reproduction.

Question 27

Name a culinary delicacy belonging to Ascomycetes.

Answer 27

Truffles and morels

Question 28

What is the name of the unicellular ascomycete used to make bread and beer?

Answer 28

Yeast

Question 29

What equipment is needed to embed and microtome lichens for internal structure observation?

Answer 29

Equipment to embed and microtome lichens is required.

Question 30

What material are fungal cell walls primarily composed of?

Answer 30

Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of chitin.

Question 31

How can lichens be softened to make preparation easier?

Answer 31

Lichens may be softened in water.

Question 32

What type of lichen is Physcia stellaris?

Answer 32

Physcia stellaris is a foliose lichen.

Question 33

What should you be able to locate under the 4x, 10x, and 40x lenses in the prepared sample?

Answer 33

Branched hyphae and round green algae.

Question 34

What characteristics can help identify the phylum-level clade of the fungus?

Answer 34

Observing the type of fruiting body present.

Question 35

How can you clear observe the algae and hyphae in the preparation?

Answer 35

Algae with iris diaphragm wide open, hyphae with iris closed.

Question 36

What structures should be compared in the prepared brown fruiting body to the three fungal phyla's reproductive structures?

Answer 36

Structures seen in the preparation to reproductive structures studied.

Question 37

What should be observed in Figure 6.20 to confirm similarities to the studied structure?

Answer 37

Similarity between the shape and the button removed.

Question 38

Where can ascus sacs and ascospores be located on Figure 6.20?

Answer 38

Locate ascus sacs and ascospores on Figure 6.20.

Question 39

Locate the cap, gills, and stalk of the Wrinkled Peach mushroom in Figure 6.13.

Answer 39

Cap, gills, and stalk can be found on the Wrinkled Peach mushroom in Figure 6.13.

Question 40

What are the main body forms of lichens mentioned in the notes?

Answer 40

The main body forms of lichens are crustose, foliose, and fruticose.

Question 41

Describe the symbiotic relationship of lichens with their hosts.

Answer 41

Lichens have a mutualistic relationship with hosts where both benefit and rely on each other.

Question 42

How do lichens reproduce asexually according to the notes?

Answer 42

Lichens reproduce asexually by fragmentation, where a piece containing hyphae and algae grows in a new location.

Question 43

What is the common color of the thallus in lichens described in the notes?

Answer 43

The thallus of lichens is described as a gray color.