Binomial Nomenclature
Latin classification system
Carl Van Linaeus
two names
Genus + species
Cladistics
A classification system based on homologous derived characteristics.
Draws the evolutionary relationship of animals
- Kingdom (human)
Animal
- Phylum (human)
Chordata
- Class (human)
Mammalia
- Order (human)
Primates
- Suborder (human)
Haplorhini
- Infraorder (human)
Anthropoidea
- Superfamily (human)
Hominoidea
- Family (human)
Hominidae
- Subfamily (human)
Homininae
- Tribe (human)
Hominini
- Genus (human)
Homo
- Species (human)
sapiens
Cladogram (refer to p.161)
a simple tree diagram that tracks the evolutionary relationship of organisms.
lowercase to represent primitive traits
Uppercase to represent derived states of those characters
Derived Characters
evolved from more primitive characters, and are usually acquired by few members of an evolutionary group
Primitive Characters
shared with many organisms in an evolutionary group
Apomorphic traits
New traits
(New apps)
Example in humans: S shaped spine, or the chin
Synapomorphic traits
Shared traits
Synapse - together
Pleziomorphic traits
Primitive
Shared derived characters or Synapomorphy among primates
- Retention of 5 digits
- Nails on all digits
- Tactile pads
- Prehensile hands and feet
- Greater reliance on sight, as opposed to smell
Characteristics of Prosimians
- Unfused manibular symphysis
- Eyes towards side of face
- Smaller brain relative to body
- Postorbital bar open
- Grooming claw
- Prognathism/ procumbency of mandible
Characteristics of Anthropoidia
- Fused mandible
- Eyes forward
- Bigger brain
- Postoribital bar cloed
- Finger nails
- Less prognathism
