Lab and Patho - Final

Question 1

The penis, vulva, vaginal canal, & clitoris are there to ultimately encourage reproduction
(CHART - No Question)

Answer 1

Question 2

Key Structure of the Ovum

Answer 2

• Oocyte (DNA)
• Zona Pellucida (inner layer)
• Corona radiata (outer layer)
• Produced by oogenesis in the ovaries
• Maturation begins & pauses while in the womb; reactivates at puberty

Question 3

Key Structure of Sperm

Answer 3

• Acrosome
• Head (DNA)
• Tail (Flagella)
• Produced by spermatogenesis in
  the seminiferous tubules (testes)
• Continuously produced by dividing
  stem cells in testes

Question 4

The function of the Ovaries

Answer 4

storage and maturation of oocytes
and reproductive hormones

Question 5

Where is estrogen produced?

Answer 5

Follicular cells

Question 6

How is progesterone produced?

Answer 6

After ovulation, the follicle ruptures & becomes the corpus luteum and produces progesterone

Question 7

What structures function is to sweep the ovum into uterine tubes after ovulation?

Answer 7

Fimbriae

Question 8

Where is the site of conception?

Answer 8

Uterine tubes

Question 9

What is the function of the cervix?

Answer 9

To keep bacteria from
entering the uterus

Question 10

What structures function is the production of sperm and reproductive hormones?

Answer 10

Testes

Question 11

Epididymis function is…

Answer 11

the site of sperm mobilization

Question 12

What structure has the function to store sperm and initiate the ejaculation process?

Answer 12

Vas Deferens

Question 13

What the key function of the mammary glands?

Answer 13

Lactation

Question 14

What lab tests are associated with pregnancy?

Answer 14

 hCG, CBC, Blood Typing, Urinalysis, Urine Culture
 Infectious Disease Testing (Syphilis, HIV, Hepatitis etc..)
 Carrier & Genetic Screening

 Glucose/Diabetes Screening (OGTT)
 Group B Strep Screening

Question 15

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?

Answer 15

Conception happens outside the endometrium

Question 16

What condition is life threatening resulting in Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, & Low Platelets?

Answer 16

HELLP Syndrome

Question 17

What are the key urinary system structures?

Answer 17

• Kidneys
• Ureter
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra

Question 18

These functions are a part of what system;
 Regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, & hydration
 Homeostasis of blood pH & maintenance of acid-base balance
 Filtration & conservation of blood products, nutrients, & metabolic waste
 Electrolyte balance
 Regulation of RBC production through production of `erythropoietin

Answer 18

Urinary System

Question 19

Key Functions of the Kidney

Answer 19

 Filtration of blood: from renal artery & through the glomerular capillaries

 Urine production: nephrons control absorption and secretion of water, electrolytes, bicarbonate/hydrogen, & wastes

 Production of Renin & Erythropoietin

Question 20

How are kidneys involved in acid-base balance?

Answer 20

Question 21

What is urine made up of?

Answer 21

About 95% water and 5% waste products

Question 22

Urine production involves excretion and elimination of;

Answer 22

 Ammonia - byproduct of breakdown of nitrogen containing
molecules (amino acids)
 Creatinine - from muscle metabolism
 Uric acid - breakdown & recycling of RNA
 Hydrogen - byproduct of cellular metabolism

Question 23

What disorder is an infection, usually bacteria, of urinary tract including urethra, bladder (cystitis), or kidney (pyelonephritis)?

Answer 23

UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

Question 24

What are kidney stones?

Answer 24

Hard deposits made of minerals & salts that form inside your kidneys, can get lodged inside the ureter

Question 25

What are the key structures of the Lymphatic System?

Answer 25

 Lymph  Lymph Vessels & Ducts  Lymphoid Organs  Thymus  Spleen  Bone Marrow  Lymph Nodes  Lymphoid Nodules

Question 26

Name 1 function of the Lymphatic System.

Answer 26

 Lymphocytes - Production, maintenance, & distribution  One way return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to bloodstream; aids in distribution of hormones, nutrients, & wastes from tissues --> circulation.  Provide recognition, resistance & immunity to “debris”

Question 27

What is Lymph similar to?

Answer 27

Blood plasma but with a lower concentration of proteins

Question 28

What two ducts does the lymphatic vessels direct lymph towards?

Answer 28

* Right Lymphatic Duct * Thoracic Duct

Question 29

What are the Primary Lymphoid Organs?

Answer 29

^ Bone Marrow - production of WBC, Site of maturation B lymphocytes ^ Thymus - Site of T Lymphocyte maturation ^ Lymph Nodes - filter debris & pathogen, site of adaptive immune responses ^ Spleen - Mechanical and Biological filtration of blood ^ Lymphoid Nodules - Filter incoming pathogens & debris (inhalation/ingestion)

Question 30

Tonsillitis is?

Answer 30

Chronic inflammation of the tonsils

Question 31

What is the inability of lymph vessels to return lymph to circulation due to obstruction or vessel disruption?

Answer 31

Lymphedema

Question 32

What is the immune systems function?

Answer 32

to attacks irritants, abnormal substances, microorganism, & other foreign substances

Question 33

Adaptive immunity is and what cells are involved?

Answer 33

Acquired immunity Lymphocytes (B & T cells)

Question 34

Innate Immunity involves what cells?

Answer 34

Native immunity or Genetic immunity Phagocytic - macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

Question 35

Compare Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Answer 35

Question 36

An allergic reaction is?

Answer 36

The immunes system hypersensitivity response to specific antigens

Question 37

What disorder do the autoantibodies target synovial membranes triggering chronic inflammation?

Answer 37

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 38

Study the tests and what structure they are associated with in the body.

Answer 38

Question 39

Specialty tests and why they are special

Answer 39

Question 40

What is the difference between MCV, MCHC, MCH?

Answer 40

MCV = average size of RBC MCH = amount of hemoglobin in 1 RBC MCHC = average weight of hemoglobin in one liter

Question 41

Platelet clumping is a cause of...

Answer 41

poor mixing

Question 42

What does -penia mean?

Answer 42

low

Question 43

What does -cytosis mean

Answer 43

high

Question 44

What tests are associated with Sepsis?

Answer 44

PCT LDH Lactate

Question 45

Glucose Studies include what tests?

Answer 45

1. Glucose a. Random b. Fasting 2. Hemoglobin A1C 3. Glucose Tolerance Testing

Question 46

What tests are done with a Complete Blood Count?

Answer 46

WBC+Diff RBC PLT HGB HCT MCV MCH MCHC RDW

Question 47

Iron Study tests include...

Answer 47

1. Iron + TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity)/Transferrin (Transport) 2. Ferritin (storage) 3. Hemoglobin (active storage)

Question 48

Transfusions include what tests?

Answer 48

Group & Screen XMatch RHIG eligibility

Question 49

Electrolyte tests include...

Answer 49

1. Sodium (Na+) 2. Potassium (K+) 3. Chloride (Cl-) 4. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Mineral Testing/Extended Electrolytes 1. Calcium (Ca) 2. Phosphorous (PO4) 3. Magnesium (Mg)

Question 50

Tests associated with inflammation are

Answer 50

1. CRP (ESR in heme) 2. Procalcitonin (PCT) (Bacterial) ESR

Question 51

Serum Toxicology tests are

Answer 51

ETOH (Ethanol - CNS depression) ACET (Acetaminophen - liver toxicity) SALI (Salicylates - decreased platelet aggregation)

Question 52

Tests associated with Urine Toxicology

Answer 52

a. Fentanyl (FENT) b. Oxycodone (Oxy) c. Morphine (MOP) d. Marijuana (THC) e. Methamphetamines f. Amphetamines (AMP) g. Benzodiazepines (BENZO) h. Cocaine i. Methadone j. Opiates k. PCP l. GHB m. Barbiturates (Barb)

Question 53

Volatiles tests are

Answer 53

methanol isopropanol acetone ethylene glycol

Question 54

Coagulation tests are

Answer 54

PT/INR PTT FIB D-Dimer

Question 55

Tests associated with Tumor Marker are

Answer 55

CA19-9 (Pancreatic Cancer) CA125 (Ovarian Cancer) CA15-3 (Breast Cancer) CEA (Colorectal Cancer) AFPS (Testicular, Ovarian, Stomach Cancer)

Question 56

Liver associated tests

Answer 56

TBILI ALP ALT AST TP GGT ALB

Question 57

Cardiac tests

Answer 57

1. Troponin (Acute MI) 2. BNP (Congestive Heart Failure) 3. LDH 4. CK (MB) AST Lipids

Question 58

Test associated with the Kidney

Answer 58

CREA (EGFR) ALB UREA (BUN)

Question 59

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring tests include

Answer 59

1. Antibiotics a. Gentamycin b. Tobramycin c. Amikacin d. Vancomycin 2. Anti-Epileptic a. Phenytoin b. Phenobarbital c. Carbamazepine d. Valproic Acid 3. Cardioactive a. Digoxin 4. Mood Stabilizer a. Lithium 5. Immunosuppressants a. Cyclosporin 6. Bronchodilators a. Theophylline

Question 60

Lipid panels include

Answer 60

1. Cholesterol a. HDL b. LDL 2. Triglycerides 3. *Lipoprotein Electrophoresis

Question 61

Tests for pancreatic function include

Answer 61

1. Lipase 2. Amylase

Question 62

Tests for the bone are

Answer 62

1. Calcium 2. Phosphorous 3. ALP

Question 63

What tests are associated with Hormone Testing?

Answer 63

- Thyroid: TSH, T3, T4 - Reproductive: HCG, LH, FSH, TEST, EST, PRL - Adrenals: CORT (AM, PM, or RDM)

Question 64

Lipid Panel consists of... (3)

Answer 64

1. Cholesterol a. HDL b. LDL 2. Triglycerides 3. *Lipoprotein Electrolytes **EDTA**

Question 65

Trace Metals

Answer 65

Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn)

Question 66

What is an Antibody?

Answer 66

A protein developed in response to antigen

Question 67

Agglutination is...

Answer 67

Clumping of antibody and antigens

Question 68

Antigen is?

Answer 68

protein that acts as an identifier

Question 69

What is a Transfusion Reaction?

Answer 69

When the patient's immune system reacts with blood transfused

Question 70

What is Blood Products?

Answer 70

Medication made from blood components

Question 71

What is the fixative in Histology? What is the ratio used to mix (fix:spec)?

Answer 71

Formaldehyde 20:1

Question 72

What is the fixative used in Cytology? What is the ratio used (fix:spec)?

Answer 72

Ethanol 1:1

Question 73

What test tubes can be centrifuged within 4 minutes of collection?

Answer 73

Sodium Citrate EDTA - Ammonia PST Dark Green (Lith. Hep.)

Question 74

What tubes need to be placed on ice immediately?

Answer 74

Ammonia Lactate Capillary Blood Gases

Question 75

What lives in the bloodstream for 2-3 days and then moves into tissue, as a macrophage?

Answer 75

Monocytes

Question 76

What WBC is the 1st on site, used with bacterial infections and phagocytosis?

Answer 76

Neutrophils

Question 77

The WBC that is associated with allergies and neoplastic disorders, is

Answer 77

Basophils

Question 78

What WBC is used with allergies and parasites?

Answer 78

Eosinophil

Question 79

What WBC is used when there is a viral infection and consists of T Cells (Cell-Mediated Destruction) and B Cells (Antibody Production)

Answer 79

Lymphocytes

Question 80

Who are the cells that are first on the scene of an injury with a lifespan of 8-12 days?

Answer 80

Thrombocytes

Question 81

What blood component is associated with the final stage of clot formation (clot solidification)?

Answer 81

Fibrinogen

Question 82

What blood component is associated with osmotic pressure maintenance and molecule binding for transport?

Answer 82

Albumin

Question 83

What blood component is associated with immune response?

Answer 83

Leukocytes

Question 84

What blood component is molecule binding for transport and used in antibody production?

Answer 84

Globulin

Question 85

What blood component is associated with the clot breakdown?

Answer 85

Plasmin

Question 86

What blood component is in the initial clotting stages (plugging of vessel)?

Answer 86

Platelet

Question 87

What blood component is associated with gas transportation and Bicarbonate CO2 conversion?

Answer 87

Erythrocyte

Question 88

Which WBC's are Granulocytes?

Answer 88

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Question 89

What WBC's are Arangulytes?

Answer 89

Monocytes Lymphocytes