Pre-Analytics - 2nd Semester Flashcards by Jessica Hayward

Name the 4 groups microorganisms are grouped into

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasites

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Name 2 things bacteria do for humans that ISN’T harmful

Provide us with vitamin K
Assist our digestive system
Protect our body surface from colonizing
pathogens
Part of vaccines
Part of certain food processing
Nitrogen fixation assists soil fertility
Decompose organisms

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What is the basic shape of Cocci (Coccus)?

Spherical

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What is the basic shape of Bacilli (Bacillus)?

Rod-Shaped

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What is the basic shape of Spirilla (Spirillum/Helical)?

Spiral Shaped

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What are the 3 major nutritional needs for bacterial growth?

Carbon
Nitrogen
Energy (ATP)

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What temperatures are cultures routinely grown at?

35°-42°c

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What are anaerobe bacteria?

Bacteria that are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen

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What are aerobe bacteria?

Bacteria that needs oxygen to grow

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What are capnophilic bacteria?

Bacteria that grow better with a carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere

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An infection is dependant on what outcomes?

Size - of the infecting dose
Site - of infection
Virulence - of organism
Speed & Effectiveness - of immune response
Accurate ID, Timeliness and Treatment

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What is an ectoparasite?

Parasite that lives on external surfaces

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What is fluid from the joint called?

Synovial Fluid

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What is Amniotic Fluid?

Fluid tested for chromosomal abnormalities

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What is a Parasitic Intestinal Helminth?

A roundworm

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What type of plate differentiates based on HEMOLYSIS?

BAP

Blood Agar Plate

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What is Peptidoglycan?

It provides structure to bacterial cell walls

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Bacteria are treated with?

Antibiotics

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What is the difference between Bactericidal antibiotics and Bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Bactericidal KILLS bacteria out right by directly attacking the cell and injuring it.

Bacteriostatic STARVES the cell of nutrients, stopping it from dividing and attacking while letting the immune system attack the bacteria

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What colour is Gram positive?

Purple

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What colour is Gram negative?

Pink

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What is an indirect specimen?

Sample has passed through an area with flora

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What is a direct specimen?

Sample is collected from normally sterile tissue

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Should a plate be refrigerated before inoculation?

Yes, to prevent bacteria from growing

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What is differential media?

contains specific ingredients/chemicals that allow the observers to distinguish between species Blood agar is a differential medium that distinguishes bacterial species by their ability to break down red blood cells

What is this streaking pattern for?

Fluid

What is this streaking pattern for?

Urine

What is this streaking pattern called?

1/1/1

What is this streaking pattern called?

5/3/1

What is the order of Gram Staining?

Primary Stain - Crystal Violet Mordant - Iodine Decolorizer - Alcohol/Acetone Counterstain - Safranin/Basic Fuchsin Cells on Slide!

How does a MAC (MacConkey) agar plate work?

It is selective and differentiates by LACTOSE FERMENTATION selective for gram negative selectively isolate bacilli usually found in the intestinal tract

How does a BLOOD AGAR plate work?

It's non selective and differentiates by HEMOLYSIS

How does a Chocolate AGAR work?

It's non selective and the red blood cells have been lysed to aid in precise organism growth commonly used to grow respiratory bacteria

What is an inoculating loop?

A tool used to transfer microbial growth from one site to a plate to introduce contaminants

What is required for labeling samples in the lab?

 Last name, First name  Date of Birth  Accession number  PHN/MRN number  Type of specimen

How long is an incubation period?

24-48 hours

What is the KIRBY BAUER disc method?

To test the effectiveness of antibiotics on a specific microorganism If the organism is susceptible to a specific antibiotic, there will be no growth around the disc containing the antibiotic If the organism is resistant, there will be growth up to the disc

What is an E Test?

Consists of a predefined gradient of antibiotic concentrations on a plastic strip to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antibiotics, antifungal agents and antimycobacterial agents

What are the 3 different types of sample taking methods?

Swab Blood Infected Tissue or Fluid

What is the difference between sputum and saliva?

Sputum is spit up from the lungs and is very thick and sticky Saliva comes from the mouth and is watery and thin

How can we treat a virus?

treatments can only help with symptoms while the immune system fights off the virus VACCINES are the best preventative method

How long should you leave the Primary Stain on for?

1 minute Crystal Violet

How long should the Mordant stay on for?

1 minute Mordant

How long should the Decolorizer stay on for?

Just a quick second and rinse right away Alcohol or Acetone

How long does the Counterstain stay on for?

1 minute Safranin or Basic Fuchsin

Thick smears are to determine the presence/absence of what?

Parasites

Qualities of a good thick smear are...

About the size of a dime Print can be read through it

A Thin smears purpose is to...

separate and count the % of parasitaemia (parasites in the blood)

A quick stain takes how long?

The whole process is 1 minute Giemsa or Wright

What are 4 main things you need to remember when documenting using lab math?

Abbreviation of units Singular. (mL not mLs) No Period at the end Always have a 0 before the . (0.03g)

Name 2 advantages to point of care testing

Rapid results small sample needed faster diagnosis portable "simple" to use

Name 2 disadvantages to point of care testing

quality of results lack of proficiency possible errors with integration of data inappropriate use maintenance on QC (Quality Control) costs much higher

Pre-analytical errors with point of care include...

not wiping away first drop excessive squeezing not sanitizing under or over filling the strip incorrect patient ID incorrect manual data entry forgetting QC

Automation ADVANTAGES include...

quicker than manual cheaper b/c performed in bulk volume higher precision & accuracy Lab can handle more tech can multitask

Automation DISADVANTAGES include...

Equipment can malfunction technology issues maintenance

Three reagents in a Wright's stain are...

a) Alcohol - Methanol - Fixative b) Methylene Blue - Basic Dye - stains acidic elements c) Eosin - Acidic Dye - Stains bases elements

How can you tell if a THICK blood smear is too thick?

If you can't read something through it

What is the fixative/mordant found in Gram's stain?

Iodine

Removal of all pathogenic organisms without killing the spores is...

Disinfection

Destruction of all organisms is...

sterilization

A blood agar plate differentiates bacteria based on what?

hemolytic properties