Laboratory Pathophysiology Flashcards by Jessica Hayward

What is the purpose (FUNCTIONS) of the Cardiovascular System?

Transport & Exchange of gas, nutrient and waste
Blood Pressure
Coagulation
Immune Functions
Body Temp. Regulation

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In the cardiovascular system what is the function of the heart?

Blood flow
Drives blood between heart and lungs or body

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What is the purpose of Arteries?

to deliver oxygen, nutrients, & other blood components to the BODY

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What is the function of Veins?

Transport CO2, waste & other blood product for FILTERING/EXCRETION

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What is the purpose of Capillaries?

Site of gas, nutrient & waste EXCHANGE

Site of interstitial fluid EXCHANGE

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What’s the main component in Plasma?

H2O - Water (92%)

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Formed Elements main component is…

99% Erythrocytes

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RBC function is…
(Erythrocytes)

transport of gases

produced in bone marrow

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WBC function is…
(Leukocytes)

immune function

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PLT function is…
(Thrombocytes)

Used in coagulation as activated platelets can “plug” the wound.

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Possible test associated with the Cardiovascular System include;

PT/PTT
BNP
D Dimer
CBC
Bone Marrow Analysis
Erythropoietin
ECG
Cardiac Biomarkers (Troponin)
Peripheral Smear

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What are the main FUNCTIONS of the Digestive System?

 Mechanical & biochemical breakdown of food

 Production & secretion of digestive chemicals

 Absorption of water & nutritional requirements

 Biomolecule processing

 Waste excretion

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The MOUTHs function is…

Mechanical & chemical breakdown of food
Forms food into BOLUS

contains salivary amylase

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The PHARYNX function is…

Swallows/directs the bolus into the esophagus

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The ESOPHAGUS function is…

Delivers bolus from the pharynx to the stomach using peristalsis

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What is the FUNCTION of the stomach?

Mechanical & chemical processing of food

Produce gastric juice
Turn food into Chyme

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FUNCTION of the liver?

PRODUCE bile

 Absorption of lipids, lipid soluble vitamins & drugs from lymphatic system.
 Process biomolecules delivered by capillaries for transport, storage, or use.
 Process biomolecule delivered by lymphatic system for transport, storage, or use.
 Metabolic regulation

The liver is an accessory organ within the digestive system but a major organ in the body!
 Hematological Regulation**
 Bilirubin Conjugation!
 Detoxification
 Drug Metabolism
 Plasma Protein Synthesis
 Clotting Factor Synthesis

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FUNCTION of the Pancreas?

produce and secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum

Pancreatic juice composed of bicarbonate & enzymes (lipase, amylase, nucleases & proteases)

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Key FUNCTION of the Gallbladder?

STORE bile

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Small intestine key Function?

Mechanical & chemical breakdown
of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids for absorption

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Duodenum Funtion?

Mechanical & chemical breakdown
of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, & nucleic acids

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Jejunum and Ileum Function?

Water absorption, chemical absorption of base units of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, & lipids

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What’s the Large Intestine Key Functions?

 Move digestive food through system via peristalsis

 Reabsorption of water and bile salts

 Absorption of vitamins/synthesis of vitamins

 Bilirubin breakdown product oxidation

 Excrete waste products

What are common tests associated with the Digestive System?

Stool Cultures, Fecal Fat,
Cultures,
Lipase,
HDL,
Bilirubin,
Liver Function Test,
Fasting Glucose,
Insulin

What is the FUNCTION of the Endocrine System?

 Secrete hormones to regulate body functions  Appetite & Metabolism  Growth & Development  Sexual Function & Reproduction  Heart Rate, Blood Pressure  Sleep & Wake Cycles  Body Temperature

Hypothalamus Function?

Homeostasis regulation & hormone production Oxytocin, Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) * PRODUCED here but will be secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Pituitary Gland Function?

Produces and secretes hormones in the anterior gland, Stores & secretes hormones in the posterior gland

Pineal Gland Function?

Produce & secrete MELATONIN which causes drowsiness & lower body temperatures

Thyroid Gland Function?

Produce, store, and secrete thyroid hormones; * Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4): increase the basal metabolic rate of body’s cells * Calcitonin: decrease blood calcium levels by breakdown of bone slowing calcium release

Parathyroid Gland Function?

Produce & secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) Parathyroid Hormone: increase blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity (increasing calcium resorption)

Function of Pancreas?

produce, store, and secrete hormones that regulate glucose levels Glucagon produced in the alpha cells Insulin produced in the beta cells

Adrenal Cortex Function?

Produce & secrete cortisol, aldosterone, & androgens

Adrenal Medulla Function?

Produce & secrete catecholamines

Function of the Ovaries?

Produce estrogen & progesterone

Function of the Testes?

Produce Testosterone

Common tests associated with the Endocrine System?

TSH, T4, T3, PTH, Estrogen, Testosterone, Prolactin, LH, FSH

The Skeletal systems function?

◦ Support ◦ Protection ◦ Movement ◦ Storage ◦ Hematopoiesis

What are joints composed of? Name 2 components.

* Tendons (attached muscle to bone) * Ligaments (connects two bones) * Cartilage * Joint Capsules * Synovial Fluid (depending on the joint)

Common tests associated with Bone or Joint disorders

Calcium, Uric Acid, Fluid Analysis, Phosphorus,

Function of the Muscular System

◦ Movement ◦ Body Position & Posture ◦ Thermoregulation (Heat Production)

What are the 3 types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Heart) ◦ Structure: interlocking and branching fibers ◦ Function: involuntary synced contraction to pump blood Skeletal - Produce MOVEMENT and hold body's posture, Individual fibers connected to tendons & Bones ◦ Function: VOLUNTARY contraction- heat production & organ protection Smooth Muscle (Organ Walls/Passageways) ◦ Structure: spindle shaped cells that contract ◦ Function: INVOLUNTARY contraction- propel substances

A test for the Muscular System?

CK, Functional Tests, LDH, AST, ALT

Key STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System

 Nasal cavities  Pharynx & Larynx  Trachea  Lungs & Alveoli

The FUNCTION of the Respiratory System

 Ventilation  Respiration  Acid base balance  Non specific immune defense  Communication

What is the ideal range for pH of Blood?

7.35 – 7.45

Common tests associated with the Respiratory System?

Nasal Swab, Sputum, Cultures, Biopsies, Blood Gases, Electrolytes

What are the Anatomical Directions?

The Integumentary System Structures?

◦ Capillaries ◦ Glands: Sweat, Sebaceous ◦ Nerve Endings, Sensory Receptors ◦ Skin Cells

The Skin's Function includes...

* Protection * Thermoregulation * Sensation * Excretion * Vitamin D Synthesis

What is the FUNCTION of the Nervous System?

 Communication Regulation  Environment Monitoring  Sensory Information Integration  Coordinates of motor responses

What organs and tissues is the Nervous System made up of?

 Brain  Spinal Cord  Nerves and Ganglia  Glial Cells

What is the Key STRUCTURE of the Central Nervous System?

Neurons & neuroglia, fat & water, protected by 3 layers of connective tissue (meninges)  Brain  Spinal Cord

What is the Central Nervous Systems FUNCTION?

 Receive and interpret sensory data  Integrate data  Coordinate motor response  Higher functions

Function of the Peripheral Nervous Systerm?

Communication between CNS and the body through 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 26 pairs of spinal nerves

Structure of the Peripheral Nervous System?

neurons & neuroglia creating:  Nerves  Ganglia

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