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Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques > LAB Ex4a > Flashcards

LAB Ex4a Flashcards

1
Q

the word ‘tissue’ was defined in the late 1700s by the father of histology who is:

A

Marie Francois Bichat

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2
Q

the gold standard for tissue

fixation

A

Formaldehyde

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3
Q

Formaldehyde was discovered by:

A

Butlerov (1859)

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4
Q

Factors affecting the tissues that render them suboptimal for histologic preparation before arriving in the laboratory.

A

pre-analytical factors

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5
Q

Five pre-analytical factors:

A
  1. warm ischemia
  2. cold ischemia
  3. fixation
  4. properly filled surgical pathology requests
  5. accessioning procedure
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6
Q

term used for the initial anoxic insult a tissue suffers when its blood supply is cut off.

A

Warm ischemia

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7
Q

The duration of warm ischemia depends on the particular circumstance of the surgery, like:

A

speed and skill of the surgeon

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8
Q

the lack of oxygen once the tissue sample is removed from the patient’s body and before all metabolic processes are stopped by fixation.

A

Cold Ischemia

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9
Q

ensures that the tissue can be processed properly for frozen sections, imprints, etc.

A

circulating nurse immediately transports the fresh tissue to the laboratory

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10
Q

should be sectioned serially

A

Larger tissues

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11
Q

opened to expose mucosal linings

A

uteri and intestines

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12
Q

should be quickly immersed in fixative

A

Small biopsies

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13
Q

Properly preserved tissues are more resistant to

A

artifacts

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14
Q

the surgical pathology request should be properly-filled up by the:

A

clinician asking for diagnosis

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15
Q

Surgical Pathology Request should include:

A

patient’s history
physical and laboratory findings
imaging findings
pre-operative and post-operative diagnosis (if different)

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16
Q

Specimens submitted to the histopathology laboratory must be entered into the surgical pathology database via the:

A

accessioning process

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17
Q

absolutely unacceptable for accessioning

A

Unlabeled specimens

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18
Q

Proper identification includes matching the data on the:

A

specimen container label

surgical pathology request form

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19
Q

If there are inconsistencies between the two, the specimen and request form are returned to the OR for:

A

correction

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20
Q

five criteria for specimen rejection

A 
> discrepancies between requisition and specimen label
> no labels or mislabeled
> leaking container
> absent clinical data or history
> inappropriately identified specimens
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21
Q

Standard dissecting kits/sets which are available locally contain one or more of the following:

A

> scissors;
forceps;
blade holders
blades.

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22
Q

Cutting tools must always be kept clean before and after use to avoid:

A

carrying a tissue over

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23
Q

Blades should be disposed off in:

A

“sharps” containers

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24
Q

The basic features of a gross laboratory include the following:

A 
> sink
> stable table top;
> water supply;
> irrigation system;
> fume extraction system/ventilation system
✓ waste disposal unit
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25
The weight of intact specimens is taken and rounded to the nearest:
0.1 g
26
In this specimen, the gross weight may be more important than the histopathology characteristics in arriving at a diagnosis.
hyperplastic thymic tissue
27
Dimensions are taken and rounded to the nearest:
1.0 cm
28
characteristics to report in gross description of specimens
> weight > dimensions > color > consistency
29
After adequately examining them for completeness and describing their gross features, specimens are:
dissected
30
Small specimens are sectioned serially, about ____ thick
2 to several mm
31
why are small specimens sectioned serially?
to look for small lesions
32
Representative sections are also taken from ____ for comparison
normal structures
33
For large specimens, the sections are cut into _____
1.0 cm thick sections
34
Sectioning large specimens to ensure that pathologic areas or tumoral areas are identified is called:
bread loafing
35
structures that must be opened as part of initial examination
hollow structures
36
For specimen with tumors, the following must be identified:
``` ✓ site and size of the tumor; ✓ location and structures invaded by the tumor; ✓ vascular invasion; ✓ distance from resection margins; and ✓ presence of lymph nodes ```
37
standard tissue cassettes measure:
3.0 x 2.5 x 0.4 cm
38
Specimens must fit easily into the cassette and should not be more than:
0.3 cm in thickness
39
the accession number of the specimen should be written in:
pencil
40
Tissue processing can be done through the following order:
1. Fixation (includes reception, grossing & bread loafing) 2. Dehydration 3. Clearing 4. Infiltration (Impregnation) 5. Embedding 6. Trimming 7. Sectioning 8. Staining 9. Mounting
41
the most common fixative
10% formalin
42
important part of fixation in order to stop the metabolic processes that continue to alter the state of the tissue to be examined.
killing
43
defined as the alteration of tissues by stabilizing protein so that the tissues become resistant to further changes
fixation
44
defined as the ratio of velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in a liquid or solid medium.
refractive index
45
increases the contrast between tissue elements, enabling better appreciation of the structure
difference in refractive indices
46
The three objectives of fixation include:
(1) preserving the tissue (2) preventing breakdown of cellular elements (3) to coagulating or precipitating protoplasmic substances
47
The 3 benefits of fixation are the following:
(1) allows thin sectioning of tissue by hardening (2) prevents autolysis and inactivates some infectious agents (3) improves cell avidity for special stains
48
most widely used fixative in histopathology today
Ten percent formalin
49
For general use, 10% formalin is usually buffered to a pH of:
7
50
Formalin is neutrally buffered to:
prevent formation of black acid hematin pigment.
51
what type of fixative is formalin
non-coagulant | additive fixative
52
formalin primarily reacts with:
amino acids containing a reactive hydrogen
53
when formalin reacts with the amino group on the side chain of amino acids, it forms:
methylene bridges that link the protein chains together
54
Formalin also cross-links by reacting with:
sulfhydryl groups in the amino acid, cysteine
55
attracts eosin dye resulting in a pinkish color.
amino group
56
formalin preserves _____, but leads to gradual loss when storage is prolonged
lipids
57
dissolves lipids, causing it to appear in routine sections as clear spaces
alcohol and xylene
58
usually trapped in the tissue by the stabilizing and fixing actions of formalin on protein
glycogen
59
not fixed by formalin
carbohydrates
60
rate of penetration of formalin has been established at:
3.6 mm in 1 hour and 7.2 | mm in 4 hours.
61
maximum thickness of tissue for optimal fixation has been set at:
3 mm
62
Cross-linking is complete in:
24 - 48 hours
63
excessive cross- linking happens if fixed beyond
48 hours
64
black acid hematin can be removed when treated with:
alcoholic picric acid | alkaline alcohol
65
effects of incomplete fixation
1. separation of tissue components during microtomy 2. poor tissue morphology 3. smudgy/bubbling nuclei 4. appear more eosinophilic
66
how many tissue slices for dehydration
4-5
67
dimension of tissie slices per cassette
2 cm squares that are 3 mm thick
68
what is the accession number
S-22-01 S (surgical specimen) 22 (year) 01 (specimen serial number)
69
washing of specimen after fixation is done within
15 minutes to 12 hours
70
washing of specimen is done with water if the fixatives are:
chromate, formalin, osmic acid
70
washing of specimen is done with water if the fixatives are:
chromate, formalin, osmic acid
71
picric acid fixative is washed out with:
50-70% alcohol
72
mercuric fixative is washed out with
alcoholic iodide
73
process of removing water using ascending concentration of alcohol
dehydration
74
procedure of dehydration
70% alcohol for 6 hours, agitate every 24 mins 95% alcohol for 12 hours, agitate every 48 mins 100% alcohol for 2 hours, every 8 mins 100% alcohol for 1 hr, every 4 mins 100% alcohol for 1 hr, every 4 mins
75
effect of excessive dehydration
hard brittle shrunken
76
effect of incomplete dehydration
soft | not receptive to paraffin
77
solvent for dehydration
ethanol
77
solvent for dehydration
ethanol
78
solvent for clearing
xylene
79
why is it called clearing agent
impart optical clarity due to high refractive index
80
process of clearing
two changes of xylene, 1 hour each, agitate every 4 minutes
81
effect of prolonged clearing
brittle
82
effect of incomplete clearing
uneven H&E staining | poor nuclear chromatin patterns
83
paraffin wax is infiltrated into tissue at this temperature
55-60
84
paraffin wax is solidifed at this temperature
20

Histopathologic and Cytologic Techniques (6 decks)

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