LAB Exercise 1c Neoplasia Flashcards
1
Q
Neoplasia means
A
“new growth”
2
Q
Cells that proliferate throughout life
A
labile cells
3
Q
Cells that have limited proliferation.
A
stable cells
4
Q
Cells that do not replicate
A
permanent cells
5
Q
Cells that lose control of regulating cell growth which form an abnormal mass of tissue.
A
neoplastic cells
6
Q
A mass of tissue formed as a result of abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous and purposeless proliferation of cells even after cessation of stimulus for growth which caused it.
A
neoplasia
7
Q
slow-growing and localized neoplasms that don’t cause much difficulty to the host
A
benign
8
Q
Neoplasms that proliferate rapidly, spread throughout the body and may eventually cause death of the host.
A
malignant
9
Q
The term Hippocrates coined for cancer of the breast
A
karkinos
10
Q
The process of maturation of constituent cells into a form adapted to a specific function.
A
differentiation
11
Q
A fully mature cell of any particular cell line is termed:
A
highly differentiated
12
Q
The primitive precursor of mature cells
A
stem cells
13
Q
While mature cells are said to be highly differentiated, stem cells are
A
undifferentiated
14
Q
Two basic components of any benign or malignang tumors.
A
- parenchyma
2. supportive stroma
15
Q
The component of the tumor which proliferates and detemines the nature and evolution of the tumor.
A
Parenchyma
16
Q
The components of the tumor which is composed of fibrous connective tissues and blood vessels providing the framework on which the parenchymal tumor cells grow.
A
supportive stroma
17
Q
Components of supportive strom
A
fibrous connective tissue
blood vessels
18
Q
The tumors derive their nomenclature on the basis of
A
parenchymal component
19
Q
The suffix used to denote benign tumors
A
-oma
20
Q
Malignant tumor of epithelial origin
A
carcinoma
21
Q
malignant mesenchymal tumors
A
sarcomas (sarco means flesh)
22
Q
Rate of growth of benign tumors
A
slow
23
Q
Rate of growth of malignant tumors
A
rapid
24
Q
Why do cancer cells proliferate rapidly?
A
They disobey the growth controlling signals in the body.
25
When cancer cells escape death signals, they achieve:
immortality
26
Why do cancers grow excessively?
Imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death
27
What is the concequence of a cancer cell's loss of differentiation?
they perform little to no function
28
Genetic instability of cancer cells lead to:
newer mutations
29
Refers to cancer cells' bility to overrun their neighboring tissue
local invasion
30
Ability of cancer cells to travel from the site of origin to other sites in the body where they colonize
metastasis
31
Shape of benign tumors
generally spherical or ovoid
32
other gross characteristics of benign tumors
1. encapsulated or well-circumscribed
2. freely movable
3. firm
4. uniform
33
secondary changes that can affect the gross characteristics of benign tumors
hemorrhage
| infarction
34
Malignnt tumors can produce systemic features like:
weight loss
anorexia
anemia
35
Shape of malignant tumors
irregular, poorly circumscribed and extends to adjacent tissues
36
secondary changes that are seen more often in malignant tumors
hemorrhage
infarction
ulceration
37
consistency of sarcomas
flesh like
38
consistency of carcinomas
firm
39
Microscopic pattern which consists of acini, sheets, columns, or cords arranged in solid or papillary pattern
epithelial tumors
40
Microscopic pattern of tumor arranged as interlacing bundles, fascicles, or whorls lying separate from each other usually by intercellular matrix substance
mesenchyml tumors
41
Microscopic pattern that often have none or little stromal support
Hematopoietic tumors
42
Examples of Hematopoietic tumors
leukemias
| lymphomas
43
microscopic ppearance where tumor reduplicate the normal structure of origin more closely so that there is little difficulty in identifying and classifying such tumors
benign tumors and low grade malignant tumors
44
This is defined as the extent of morphological and functional resemblance of parenchymal tumor cells to corresponding normal cells.
differentiation
45
When the deviation of neoplastic cell in structure and function is minimal compared to the normal
well differentiated
46
Poor structural and functional resemblance to corresponding normal cell.
poorly differentiated/ undifferentiated
47
It is the lack of differentiation and is a characteristic feature of most malignant tumors.
Anaplasia
48
10 noticeable morphological and functional alterations in the neoplastic/anaplastic cells
1. loss of polarity
2. pleomorphism
3. nucleus to cell ration
4. anisnucleosis
5. Hyperchromatism
6. Nucleolar changes
7. Mitotic figurs
8. Tumor giant cells
9. Functional Cytoplasmic changes
10. Chromosmal abnormalities
49
Nuclei tend to lie away from the basement membrane instead of being oriented along it.
Loss of polarity
50
term for jormal morphology of epithelial cells where the nuclei are oriented along the basement membrane
basal polarity
51
Basal polarity is a property that is based on cell edhesion molecules, specifically:
selectins
52
This means variation in size and shape of tumor cells and is correlated with the degree of anaplasia.
pleomorphism
53
Cell alteration where the nuclei are enlarged.
N:C ratio
54
Normal N:C ratio
1:5
55
neoplastic N:C ratio
1:1
56
Variation in size and shape of nuclei
anisonucleosis
57
Alteratiom wherein the nuclear chromatin of malignant cell is increased and coarsely clumped due to the increase in the amount of nucleoprotein resulting in dark-staining nuclei.
hyperchromatism
58
Alteration in which the nucleolus becomes prominent due to increased nucleoprotein synthesis
Nucleolar changes
59
Nucleolar changes are demonstrated as _______ by ________
Nucleolar Organizer Region (NOR), silver staining called AgNOR material
60
Tumors showing large numbers of mitoses
mitotic figures
61
Mitotic figures appear as either:
normal or abnormal mitotic figures
62
Mitotic figures seen as a dark band of dividing chromatin at two poles of the nuclear spindle.
normal mitotic figures
63
Normal mitotic figures are seen in some non-neoplastic proliferating cells like:
bone marrow
intestinal epithelium
hepatocytes
64
Normal mitotic figures are seen in some non-neoplastic proliferating cells like:
bone marrow
intestinal epithelium
hepatocytes
65
Appear in malignant tumors as tricolor, quadripolar and multipolar spindles in malignant tumor cells
abnormal/ atypical mitotic figures
66
Another important feature of anaplasia in malignant tumors where multinucleate tumor giant cells or giant cells containing a single large and bizarre nucleus can be seen
Tumor giant cell
67
Benign tumors and better differentiated malignant tumors continue to function well qualitatively, but have ______ abnormality in the product
quantitative (large or small amount)
68
The products in anapestic tumors are usually _______
decreased
69
Alteration wherein there is abnormal genetic composition including deviations in both morphology and the number of chromosomes.
Chromosomal abnormalities
70
Most malignant tumors have increased number of chromosomes, seen morphologically by the increase in the size of the nuclei.
DNA aneuploidy
71
Aside from fibrous connective tissues and blood vessels, the stroma may also contain:
nerves
| metaplaatic bone or cartilage
72
The supportive stroma never has this
lymphatics
73
Formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones to provide nourishment to growing tumor.
Tumor angiogenesis
74
Morphologic feature of tumor angiogenesis
microvasculature density
75
If the tumor is soft and fleshy, this means that the collagenous tissue is :
scanty
76
Examples of tumors with scanty collagenous tissue
sarcoma
| lymphoma
77
If the tumor is hard and gritty, it means that the collagenous tissue is :
excessive
78
If the tumor is hard and gritty, it means that the collagenous tissue is :
excessive
79
Example of hard and gritth tumor
infiltratjng duct carcinoma of breast
80
The growth of fibrous tissue in the stroma is stimulated by:
Basic Fibroblast growth factor
| bFGF
81
Carcinoma wheee the epithelial tumor is composed entirely of parenchymal cells
medullary carcinom
82
When there is excessive connective tissue stroma in the epithelial tumor and the tumor is hard or scirrhous.
desmoplasia
83
Result of ulceration in and around the tumor when there is a secondary infection
prominent inflammatory reaction
84
In the absence of ulceration, some tumors still show chronic inflammatory reaction as a cell mediated response to destroy the tumor, mainly of:
lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
Granulomatous reaction (in some instances)
85
In the absence of ulceration, some tumors still show chronic inflammatory reaction as a cell mediated response to destroy the tumor, mainly of:
lymphocytes
plasma cells
macrophages
Granulomatous reaction (in some instances)
86
Also known as direct spread of tumor
local invasion
87
direct spread of benign tumors
It form encapsulated or circumscribed masses that expand and push aside the surrounding normal tissues without actually invading, infiltrating or metastasizing.
88
Besides metastasis, malignant tumors are distinguished from benign tumors by:
invasion, infiltration, and destruction of surrounding tissues
89
Tumors invade via the route of _________
least resistance
90
Cancers can extend through
tissue spaces
91
Cancers can permeate
lymphatics, blood vessels, and perineural spaces
92
Cancers can penetrate
bone growing though nutrient foramina
93
Tumors invade ___________________ more than __________________
thin walled capillaries and veins
| thick walled arteries
94
Three tissues that are sufficiently resistant to invasion against tumors
dense compact collagen
elastic tissue
cartilage
95
This is defined as distant spread of tumor but invasion in such a way that discontinuous secondary tumor mass/masses are formed at the site of lodgment.
metastasis
96
two most important features of distinguishing malignant from benign tumors
Metastasis and invasiveness
97
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of fibroblast
Fibroma
98
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of fibroblast
fibrosarcoma
99
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor from fat cell
lipoma
100
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of fat cell
liposarcoma
101
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of blood vessels
hemangioma
102
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of blood vessels
angiosarcoma
103
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of smooth muscle cell
leiomyoma
104
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of smooth muscle cell
Leiomyosarcoma
105
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor from striated muscle cells
rhabdomyoma
106
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor from striated muscle cells
rhabdomyosarcoma
107
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of cartilage
chondroma
108
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of cartilage
chondrosarcoma
109
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of osteoma
bone cell
110
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of bone cell
osteosarcoma
111
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of squamous epithelium
Epithelium papilloma
112
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of squamous epithelium
squamous cell carcinoma
113
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of transitional epithelium
transitional cell papilloma
114
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of transitional epithelium
Transitional cell carcinoma
115
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of Glandular or ductal epithelium
adenoma
116
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of glandular/ductal epithelium
adenocarcinoma
117
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of neuroendocrine cells
carcinoid
118
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of neuroendocrine cells
oat cell carcinoma
119
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign liver cancer
liver ceell adenoma
120
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant liver cancer
liver cell carcinoma
121
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign kidney tumor
renal cell adenoma
122
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant liver cancer
renal cell carcinoma
123
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor from white blood stem cells
leukemia
124
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor from lymphoid cells
lymphoma
125
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of plasma cell
multiple myeloma
126
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor from neuroblasts
ganglioneuroma
127
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of neuroblasts
neuroblastoma
128
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of glial cells
glioma
129
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of meningeal cells
meningioma
130
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor of schwann cells
schwannoma
131
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of schwann cells
malignant schwannoma
132
Histologic classification of tumors
| benign tumor from embryonic cells
teratoma
133
Histologic classification of tumors
| malignant tumor of embryonic cells
embryonal carcinoma
teratocarcinoma
seminom
dysgerminoma
