Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of bones?
A
- provide central axis
- give body its form
- provide levers for locomotion
- protection for underlying structures
- provide areas of attachment for muscles
- storage
2
Q
What are the classes of bones?
A
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
3
Q
How many lobes does the brain have? Name them.
A
6
- frontal
- temporal
- parietal
- occipital
- insular
- limbic lobes
4
Q
How many bones are in human skeleton?
A
206.
5
Q
What does the skeleton framework comprise of?
A
- Boney
- Cartilage
6
Q
What are the functions of bone?
A
- Provide central axis
- Gives body form
- Support body weight
- Provide levers for locomotion
- Protection for underlying structures
- Provide areas of attachment for muscles
- For storage
7
Q
Where are long bones found?
A
In limbs where they form levers. I.e., femur.
8
Q
What is a characteristic of long bones?
A
They have a long shaft and 2 ends with knobs/balls.
9
Q
Where are short bones found?
A
Where skeletons are intended for strength and compactness with limited movement. I.e., hands and feet.
10
Q
Where are flat bones found?
A
Where the skeleton protects delicate structures and provides surfaces for muscle attachment. I.e., bones of skull and scapula.
11
Q
What is a characteristics of irregular bones?
A
Spongey bone enclosed in a thin layer of compact bone. I.e., T6 vertebrae.
12
Q
Parts of spongy bone?
A
- Trabeculae
- Spaces for blood marrow
13
Q
Are human skeletons complete?
A
No, human skeletons are not complete because they are constantly changing. The bones in the human body are constantly being broken down and rebuilt, a process called remodeling. This means that most of the adult skeleton is replaced every 10 years.
- As people age, some bones fuse together
- Bone loss, especially in women when they bare children
14
Q
What are the functions of muscles?
A
- Articulate (connects) skeleton
- Maintain posture
- Stabilize joints
- Respiration
- Maintain/produce body heat
- Communication
- Constriction of organs and blood vessels
- Movement of blood
- Chewing and swallowing
15
Q
What are the types of muscles?
A
- Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
16
Q
Briefly state all you know about skeletal muscles.
A
- Articulates skeleton at joints
- Striated and non-branching
- Multinucleate (has more then 1 nucleus)
- Long cylindrical cells (tube-like)
- Voluntary/involuntary control
17
Q
Draw and label skeletal muscle tissue.
A
- In Anatomy II Lab Exam 1 document in Word.
18
Q
Briefly state all you know about smooth muscles.
A
- Non strained and non branched
- Spindle shaped cells
- Single central nuclei
- Involuntary control
- Organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin, etc
19
Q
Draw and label smooth muscle tissue.
A
- In Anatomy II Exam 1 document in Word.
20
Q
Briefly all you know about cardiac muscle.
A
- Myocardium (muscle tissue of heart) of heart
- Striated and branched
- Cylindrical cells
- Single central nuclei
- Intercalated discs join cells
- Involuntary control
21
Q
Draw and label cardiac muscle tissue.
A
- In Anatomy II Lab Exam 1 document in Word.
22
Q
Draw smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle.
A
- In Anatomy II Lab Exam 1 document in Word.
23
Q
What is the relationship of muscle and bone?
A
- Objective: to facilitate movement.
- Muscles attach to bone.
- Muscles are always under tension.
- Muscles are only able to contract/pull (not to push)
- Muscles work in antagonistic (opposite) pairs
24
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from midline.
25
Adduction
Movement towards midline.
26
Flexion
Decrease angle at joints I.e., when arm is at shoulder height and stretched out.
27
Extension
Increase angle at joints
28
Hyperextension
Increase angle at joints past normal range I.e., straight arm swinging backwards
29
Rotation
Movement around long axis i.e., moving head, feet, and/or legs from left to right
30
Elevation
Move structure towards superiority I.e., shoulders up
31
Depression
Move structure towards inferiorly I.e., moving mandible down
32
Dorsiflexion
Move foot/toes towards shin
33
Plantar flexion
Move foot/toes away from shin
34
Define the brain.
The organ that is the coordination on the entire nervous system.
35
Three regions of the brain.
- Forebrain
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
36
Where and what is the function of the cerebrum?
Largest part of brain.
Responsible for conscious and complex thought.
37
Where is and what is the function of the thalamus?
Pea part near center of the brain responsible for sensory and motor senses of the body.
38
Where is and what is the function of the hypothalamus?
It helps manage your body temp., hunger, thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure, and sleep.
39
Where and what is the function of the epithalamus?
Part of pineal gland that connects to the limit system for secretion of hormones. I.e., melatonin.
40
Where and what is the function of the brain stem?
Controls automatic functions. I.e., breathing, heart rate, sleep/awake, and blood pressure.
41
Where and what are the functions of the pons?
Controls the unconscious processes such as sleep-wake cycle and breathing.
42
Where and what is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls heartbeat, breathing, and blood ' pressure.
43
Where is what is the function of the pituitary gland?
Regulated growth (sexual development), metabolism (food to energy), stress respond, water + sodium, and labour + birth.
44
Where is and what is the function of the corpus collosum?
Transmits information from one side of the brain to the other.
45
What is the function of the sulcus? Where is it located?
To separate the partiel and frontal lobe.
46
What is the function of the gyrus? Where is it located?
Consists of many deep grooves that allow large amounts of information to be processed by more nerve cells.
47
What is a reflex stretch?
The bodies natural response to muscle being stretched. Leg kicks out when knee is hip by reflex hammer.
48
What are superficial reflexes?
When skin is stroked or scratched and elicits withdrawal as a reaction.
49
Condyle
Rounded, knuckle-like protuberance at the end of bone. I.e., at the end of femur and connects to the tibia.
50
Crest
Narrow ridge-like projection.
51
Crest
Narrow ridge-like projection.
52
Epicondyle
53
Facet
Short smooth surface. I.e., vertebral body.
54
Foramen
Opening.
55
Fossa
Deep depression. I.e., inner skull.
56
What are the stimulus types?
Photo (light)
Mechano (mechanical)
Thermo (temp.)
Chemo (chemical)
Osmo (body fluid)
Noci (pain receptors)
- ceptors
57
The stimulus types are all detected by ________ which results in _________.
- specific receptor
- action potential
58
3 types of cones?
Red, blue, and green.
59
Function of cones?
To sharpen sight and for colour vision.
60
How many cones are there?
7 million per retina, so 14 million per person.
61
Function of rods?
Black, white, and night vision.
62
How many rods do humans have?
120 million per retina, so 240 million per person.
63
What is the Snellen Eye Chart?
A type of visual test used to measure a person's ability to see at different distances.
64
How to read Snellen Chart?
65
5 basic tastes?
Sweet, salt, sour, bitter, and umami.
66
Are smell and taste linked?
Yes, through chemo-sensation. When detection happens, it triggers the chemical responses in both the nose and mouth.
67
What are the 3 semicircular canals? What role do they play in?
1. Horizontal (lateral) canal
2. Anterior (superior) canal
3. Posterior canal
They help maintain balance.
68
Meissner’s Corpuscle is a ________ receptor.
Touch
69
Pacinian Corpuscle is a _____________ nerve receptor.
Pressure
70
Fovea
Deep depression
71
Head
Swelling or enlargement at end of bone. I.e., head of femur.
72
Linea
Ridge or line on bone.
73
Process
A bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone.
74
Spine
Sharp projection. I.e., transverse process in spine.
75
Suture
Junction between plates.
76
Trochanter
Part of femur.
77
Axial skeleton
Head, neck and trunk.
78
Appendicular skeleton
Limbs.
79
What does skeleton mean in Greek?
Dried up.
80
What percentage of the body does the human skeleton make up?
18%
81
What is the human skeleton made from?
Bones and cartilage.
82
What do joints do?
The account for motion.
83
Define appendage.
A a body part that's attached to the main body, such as a leg or an arm.
84
What are the major differences in the male and female pelvis?
1. Female arch is greater than 90 degrees
2. Male pelvic inlet is more heart shaped which females is larger and nor oval
3. Male iliac crest more vertically curved; female iliac crest is less curved
85
Myosin?
A fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.
86
Actin?
A protein that helps cells maintain their shape and move.
87
Agonist-antagonist pairs?
In an antagonistic muscle pair, as one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist and the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist.
88
Tendons?
Tendons are connective fibrous tissues that attach muscles to bones, allowing you to move your limbs. They are made of collagen, which gives them high tensile strength and resistance to tearing.
89
Distal?
Away from origin.
90
Proximal?
Close to origin.
91
How many muscles attach to the scapula?
21
92
What type of tissue is the linea alba?
Connective tissue.
93
Name a muscle, its origin, insertions, and actions.
- Deltoid
- Clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
- Humerus
- Abducts and rotates arm
94
What are the 3 types of muscles in the body?
- Smooth
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
95
How many layers does smooth muscle have? What are they called?
- 2 layers
- Circular layer and longitudinal layer
96
Be able to label the following on a diagram. Don’t forget to indicate if it is on the right or left side of the body!
- Masseter
- Deltoid
- Pectoralis major/minor
- Biceps branchii
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Lateral tricep brachii
97
98
Afferent fibres?
Nerve fibers that carry impulses to the brain.
99
Efferent fibers?
Carry impulses from spinal cord and brain.
100
101
102
Be able to label the following on a diagram.
- Cerebrum
- Cerebral cortex
- Gyri
- Fissures
- Sucli
- Longitudinal fissure
- Cerebral hemispheres (2)
- Corpus callosum
103
What are the 3 connective tissues of the nervous tissues on the surface of the brain? Indicate which is the outer, middle, and inner layer.
- Outermost layer: dura mater
- Middle layer: arachnoid mater
- Innermost layer: pia mater
104
Be able to label the following from the ventral view of the brain.
- Olfactory bulb
- Olfactory tract
- Optic nerve (11)
- Optic chiasma
- Pituitary gland
- Occulomotor nerve
- Trigeminal nerve
- Pons
- Abducens nerve
- Medulla oblongata
- Cerebellum
105
Be able to label the following from the midsigittal section of the human brain.
- Cerebral cortex
- Gyrus
- Corpus callosum
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Third ventricle
- Pineal body
- Pituitary gland
- Cerebellum
- Arbor vitae
- Fourth ventricle
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord
106
How many cranial nerves are there?
24 total in 12 pairs of 2
107
Name the 12 cranial nerves, their function, and where they are found.
1. Olfactory, sensory, nose
2. Optic, sensory, eye
3. Oculomotor, motor, all eye muscles except those supplied by 4 and 6
4. Trochlear, motor, superior oblique muscle
5. Trigeminal, sensory: face, teeth, etc., motor: muscles of mastication
6. Abducent, motor, external rectus muscle
7. Facial, motor, muscles of face
8. Vestibulocochlear, sensory, ear
9. Glossopharyngeal, motor: pharyngeal musculature, sensory: posterior part of tongue, tonsils
10. Vagus, motor, heart, lungs, bronchi
11. Accessory, motor, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
12. Hypoglossal, motor, tongue muscles
108
109
Define neuron.
Complete nerve cell.
110
Cell body…
Contains the nucleus.
111
Dendrites…
Contain impulses towards the cell body.
112
The axon…
Conducts impulses away from the cell body.
113
Neuralgia cells are also known as __________.
Neuroglia.
114
115
What is the pathway of normal vision?
- Cornea, pupil, iris, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve, visual cortex.
116
What is responsible for our ability to see colour?
Cones.
117
What is visual acuity?
Sharpness of vision.
118
Myopia is _____________.
Nearsightedness.
119
Hyperopia is _____________.
Farsightedness.
120
What is accommodation?
When the lens increases its curvature to focus on near objects.
121
How do you measure the near point of accommodation?
To measure the near point of accommodation using a near vision test card:
1. Prepare: Set up good lighting and have a near vision test card ready.
2. Start: Hold the card 40 cm (16 inches) from the person’s eyes and ask them to focus on the text.
3. Move the Card: Gradually move the card closer to the person's eyes while they try to keep the text in focus.
4. Watch for Blurriness: The near point is where the text becomes blurry or they can no longer focus clearly.
5. Measure: Record the distance from their eyes to the card at the point of blurriness..
122
What are the cone colours?
Blue, red, and green.
123
What happes when all 3 cone colours are stimulated at once?
You see the colour white.
124
What happens when neither of the cones is stimulated?
You see the colour black.
125
What spectrum of colours do blue cones show?
Violet and blue.
126
What spectrum of colours do green cones show?
Blue and green colours.
127
What spectrum of colours do red cones show?
Green, yellow, orange, and red.
128
What are the average values of near point accommodation for the ages 10-60?
- 10 = 7cm
- 20 = 9 cm
- 30 = 12 cm
- 40 = 20 cm
- 50 = 50 cm
- 60 = 90 cm
129
What is the pathway of sound?
1. Sound waves enter outer ear through the ear canal leading to the eardrum
2. Eardrum vibrates sending sounds to the middle ear specifically the malleus, incus, and stapes
3. Middle ear amplifies
130
