Lab Test 2 Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
phylogeny
A
evolutionary history
2
Q
taxa
A
groups of species
3
Q
decent with modification
A
- Darwin mechanism of evolution
- similar traits passed on throughout generations
4
Q
cladistic method
A
taxa are organized into a phylogenetic tree based upon presence of shared, derived characters
5
Q
shared, derived characters
A
synapomorphies
6
Q
parsimony
A
simplest explanation= best (shortest tree with fewest steps)
7
Q
characters
A
traits (derived or ancestral)
8
Q
root
A
taxon used = outgroup of tree
9
Q
group of all taxa that share a common ancestor and therefore are closely related to each other than to any other taxon
A
clade
10
Q
two unrelated taxa independently evolve a particular form
A
convergent evolution
11
Q
independent evolutionary change
A
homoplasy
12
Q
homoplasy creates (blank) traits
A
analogous
13
Q
monophyletic
A
taxon (group of organisms) that forms a clade and descends from a common ancestor
14
Q
kingdom plantae consists of
A
multicellular autotrophic organisms
15
Q
vascular tissue
A
specialized cells that transport water and nutrients
16
Q
nontracheophytes
A
bryophyta and hepatophyta
17
Q
seedless tracheophytes
A
lycophyta, pteridophyta (pterophyta and sphenophyta)
18
Q
seed-producing tracheophytes (no flower)
A
-coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkophyta (gymnosperms)
19
Q
seed-producing tracheophytes (flower)
A
angiospermae (anthophyta)
20
Q
alternation of generations
A
a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation that produces spores by meoisis alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte that produces gametes by mitosis
21
Q
sporophyte
A
produces haploid spores by meosis
22
Q
gametophyte
A
produces haploid gametes by mitosis
23
Q
steps of alternation of generations
A
1) gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
2) gametes fuse to form a zygote
3) the zygote develops into a diploid sporophyte
4) sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
5) spores germinate and divide to form the haploid gametophyte
24
Q
mosses phyla
A
bryophyta
25
liverworts and mosses don't have
true roots
26
instead of true roots, liverworts and mosses have
rhizoids
27
liverworts and mosses are restricted to
moist environments and require water for fertilization
28
what generation is dominant in liverworts and mosses?
gametophyte
29
female sex organ nonvascular
archegonium
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male sex organ vascular
antheridium
31
hepatophyta reproduce asexually by means of
gemmae
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tracheophytes characterized by
1) a vascular system of xylem and phloem tissue
2) alternation of generations with sporophyte dominant
3) body divided into true roots, stems, leaves
33
examples of seedless tracheophytes
- pteriodophytes and sphenophyta
- ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
- lycophyta (club moss)
34
fern phylum
pterophyta
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small dark spots on fern
sori
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sorus (sori plural) contain
a cluster of sporangia that produce spores
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spores germinate to form (blank)
haploid gametophyte generation
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anteridia
sperm
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archegonia
egg
40
horsetail phylum
sphenophyta
41
all living species of the horsetail belong to the genus
Equisetum
42
sporangia are borne in (blank)
terminal cones called strobili
43
strobili produce
pine cone part that produces seeds
44
what are some of the challenges that terrestrial organisms had to overcome when moving out of aquatic habitats?
- needed structural support
- transport of materials from soil and environment to cell
- way for fertilization to occur in non-wet environments
- need seeds so embryo are not damaged/dried out and can still receive nutrients
45
characteristics of plants
- chlorophyll
- cellulose cell wall
- plastids (store starch)
- lack light-harvesting pigment (phycoerthrin)
46
land plants=
embryophytes
47
haploid spore produces
haploid gametophyte
48
vascular plants are (blank) dominant
sporophyte
49
in all seed plants, the developing plant embryo is contained within a protective structure called a
seed
50
what are seeds comprised of?
- embryonic sporophyte
- source of nutrition
- protective coat
51
heterosporous
produce separate female and male sporangia
52
female sporangia
megasporangia
53
male sporangia
microsporangia
54
what does microsporangia produce
microspores which develop into microgametophyte
55
gymnosperms have a
naked seed, not inside tissues
| -non-flowering
56
strobilus is also called
cone
57
examples of gymnosperms
- cycadophyta
- ginkgophyta
- coniferophyta
58
characteristics of cycads
- oldest
| - tropics/ornamental plants
59
characteristics of ginkgophyta
- only one species in China Ginkgo biloba
- maidenhair trees
- male and female separate (dioecious)
60
male and female produced by separate individuals
dioecious
61
male cones produce
microspores
62
microgametophytes are commonly known as
pollen grains
63
pollen grains
produce sperm and serve as mechanism for dispersal and delivery of gamete
64
female cones posses
megasporangia--megaspores--megagametophytes
65
gemtophyte, egg, and surrounding coat comprise (blank)
ovule
66
after fertilization, the ovule develops into a
seed
67
seed contains
embryonic plant, store of nutritive tissue, and protective coat
68
phylum angiospermae is the
most diverse group of land plants
69
flower parts of monocots
in threes
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flower parts of eudicots
in fours or fives
71
cotyledons of monocots
one
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cotyledons of eudicots
two
73
leaf venation of monocots
parallel
74
leaf venation of eudicots
branched, net like
75
vascular bundles in young stem of monocots
scattered
76
vascular bundles in young stem of eudicots
in a ring
77
male gametophyte in flower
stamen
78
stamen consist of
anther with microsporangia and filament
79
megasporangia are located within
pistil
80
pistil is composed of
ovary, style, and stigma
81
two layers of specialized leaves surround ovules and they are called
petals and sepals
82
example of monocot flower
gladiola
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example of eudicot flower
snap dragon
84
when pollen grain lands on stigma and pollen tube begins to grow down the stigma until it reaches the megagametophyte
pollination
85
one sperm fertilizes egg while other fuses with cells in ovule to form triploid endosperm
double fertilization
86
pollination
when pollen grain lands on stigma and pollen tube begins to grow down the stigma until it reaches the megagametophyte
87
double fertilization
one sperm fertilizes egg while other fuses with cells in ovule to form triploid endosperm
88
fruit
developed ovary of flower containing seeds
89
seed leaves
cotyledons
90
vascular tissue allows plants to
-transport water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)
91
cell division and growth are initiated in
meristems
92
regions of undifferentiated cells that can be found at the ends of the shoots (stem tips) and roots
meristems
93
central dome of cells near the top of the section of stem tip
apical meristem
94
leaves in their initial growth stages
leaf primordia
95
outermost layer of the apical meristem produces
epidermis
96
layer that gives rise to the plant's vascular system
procambium
97
meristem that could form a side branch
axillary bud
98
region of elongation
where cells grow in length
99
two types of vascular tissue in plants
xylem and phloem
100
xylem
conducts water from the roots to all parts of the plant
| -cells have thick walls for structural support
101
phloem
conducts sugars and nutrients produced by photosynthesis to all parts of plant
-don't have thick cell walls
102
outermost layer of cells
epidermis
103
clear, pink stained coating outside cells
cuticle
104
role of cuticle
prevents water loss
105
blue-stained particles in cells of cortex
starch granules
106
role of starch granules
store photosynthate produced by shoot
107
what is found inside the cortex?
vascular cylinder with thick walled xylem
108
KNOW helianthus
sunflower stem
109
things found in helianthus
pith, vascular bundle, phloem, xylem, cortex, epidermis
110
function of pith
centrally located tissue within a dicot stem
111
in helianthus (sunflower stem), xylem and phloem vascular bundles are arranged in what shape?
circular
112
function of vascular bundle
- xylem and phloem
| - transport system- support and protect tissue
113
function of phloem
- vascular tissue that transports nutrients
| - transport sugar
114
function of xylem
-transport water and nutrients
115
function of cortex
outermost layer of stem or root
116
function of epidermis
- protects against water loss
- regulates gas exchange
- secretes metabolic compounds
- absorbs water and mineral nutrients
117
large woody tree example
elm
118
large monocot tree example
palm tree
119
vascular tissue is (blank) in all monocots
grouped into bundles
120
specialized cells that regulate the size of the opening between them
guard cells
121
opening between guard cells
stomata
| -changes in leaf water content change size
122
what is the physiological importance of guard cells?
facilitate gas exchange and control transcription
123
when guard cells are full of water, the stomata are
open
124
colorless layer deposited on outside of upper epidermal cells
cuticle composed of cutin
125
What is located directly to the interior of the guard cells?
stomata
126
mesophyll
middle of leaf
127
one or two layers of columnar, compact cells that lie directly beneath the upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll cells
128
What is present inside palisade mesophyll cells?
parenchyma cells (chloroplast)
129
are chloroplasts present inside spongy mesophyll?
no, large spaces
130
vein surrounded by a layer of cells called
bundle sheath
131
seed
protective structure for plant embryo
132
embryonic sporophyte
source of nutrition for embryo
133
heterospores (seed plants)
produce separate female and male sporangia
134
microspores-->
microgametophyte
135
megaspores-->
megagametophyte
136
nontracheophytes dominant generation
gametophyte
137
nontracheophytes dominant generation
gametophyte/ need water for fertilization
138
tracheophytes dominant generation
sporophyte
139
all land plants are known as
embryophytes
140
nontracheophyte examples
mosses, liverworts
141
mosses
bryophyta
142
liverworts
hepatophyta
143
tracheophyte examples (no seed)
horsetail, club moss, fern
144
horsetail
spenophyta
145
club moss
lycophyta
146
fern
pterophyta
147
conifer
coniferophyta
148
cycads
cycadophyta
149
gingko
ginkophyta
150
example of tracheophytes with seeds
angiospermae
151
strobilis=
cone
152
stamen contains
anther and filament
153
pistal contains
stigma, style, ovary, ovules
154
the peanut shell is the
ovary
155
dispersal method of seeds for fleshy fruits
fleshy fruits that animals eat and then defecate
156
dispersal method of seeds for dry fruit
dispersed by wind
157
a peanut is a
dicotydonae
158
Eudicotyledonae
2 seed leaf (dicots)
159
Monocotyledonae
1 seed leaf (monocot)
160
determining dicots?
```
flower parts (4-5)
veins in leaves (branching)
```
161
determining monocots
```
flower parts (3,6)
veins in leaves (straight)
```
162
the kingdom fungi consists of heterotrophic organisms that have (blank)
absorptive nutrition
163
most fungi are (blank) or (blank) on other organisms
saprophytic, parasitic
164
saprophytic fungi feed on (blank)
decaying organic matter
165
saprophytic fungi play an important role in
nutrient cycling in soils
166
some fungi are involved in (blank) with plants
mutualistic associations
167
are fungi capable of photosynthesis?
no
168
fungi not assigned to a phylum because their reproductive structures have not been observed, info from DNA recent
imperfect fungi
169
branching filamentous strands of cells in fungi
hyphae
170
incomplete divisions between cells of hyphae
septa
171
masses of hyphae form
mycelium
172
fungal cells have a cell wall composed of
chitin
173
asexual reproductive in fungi involves production of
haploid spores or conidia
174
unicellular fungi, yeast, can reproduce asexually by
budding
175
sexual reproduction in fungi occurs when
nuclei of different mating types fuse to form zygote
176
dipoid zygote undergoes (blank) to produce haploid spores in fungi
meiosis
177
spores germinate in fungi and produce
hyphae
178
asexual reproductive stages in rhizopus fungi produce small round balls, or (blank) on stalks or (blank)
sporangia or sporangiophores
179
sexual reproduction in rhizopus occurs when two hyphae grow together to form a single cell called a
zygospore
180
rhizopus belongs in phyum
zygomycota
181
example of zygomycota
bread molds, rhizopus
182
sac fungi belong to what phylum?
ascomycota
183
during asexual reproduction of ascomycota, specialized hyphae bear long strands of spores called
conidia
184
spores of conidia are small and dust like and are called
conidiospores
185
in sexual reproduction in ascomycota, ascospores are produced by meiosis in a sac like cell called
ascus
186
asci are found on the fruiting body called an
ascocarp
187
what process forms ascospores?
meiosis
188
yeast exhibit (blank) in which they consume sugar and release carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol as by-products
yeast
189
club fungi and mushrooms belong to what phylum?
basidiomycota
190
the fruiting body of basidiomycota contains specialized cells called
basidia
191
where are basidia located?
gills
192
basidia cells undergo meiosis to produce
basidiospores
193
lichen result from
symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic organisms and fungus
194
what are the most common fungal symbiont in lichens?
ascomycota
195
3 different growth forms in lichen
- crustose
- foliose
- fruticose
196
digestive enzymes secreted into substrate and smaller molecules absorbed
absorptive nutrition
197
saprophytic
decaying organic matter, nutrient cycling
198
fungi are
monophyletic
199
branching filamentous strands of cells
hyphae
200
incomplete divisions between cells of hyphae
septa
201
masses of hyphae
mycellum
202
reproductive strategies in fungi
- asexual
- budding
- sexual
203
asexual reproduction in fungi
haploid spores or conidia
204
budding in fungi
unicellular
205
sexual reproduction in fungi
no male and female, nuclei of different mating types fuse to form zygote
206
fuse cytoplasm and cell membrane (n+n)
plasmogamy
207
karyogamy (2n)
fusing nuclei
208
mycornizae ectotrophic
surround cells
209
mycornizae endotrophic
within cells
210
lichen
fungi associated with photosynthesis (algae or cyanobacteria)
211
crustose
on rocks and bark- can't scrape off
212
foliose
wavy leaf like growth on fungi- can scrape off
213
fruiticose
3D branchy chunk
