Unit 3 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
primary endosymbiosis is a synapomorphy of the (blank)
A
kingdom plantae
2
Q
(blank) are aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes
A
algae
3
Q
land plants arose how many years ago?
A
450-500 mya
4
Q
challenges of plants
A
1) dessication (drying out)
2) water/nutrient transport and support
3) distribute gametes and progeny
5
Q
dessication challenge
A
- cuticle
- stomata
- spores
- antheridia/archegonia
- embryos protected
6
Q
waxy coating slows water loss
A
cuticle
7
Q
regulate gas exchange
A
stomata
8
Q
spores
A
gametophyte
9
Q
antheridia
A
male gamete
10
Q
archegonia
A
female gamete
11
Q
water/nutrient transport; support challenge
A
- don’t get too big
- vascular structures
12
Q
nonvascular plants distribute gametes
A
moss= flagella (need H2O)
13
Q
nonvascular plants progeny
A
haploid spores (wind)
14
Q
vascular plants distribute gametes
A
fern= flagella (need H2O)
15
Q
vascular plants progeny
A
haploid spores (wind)
16
Q
vascular seeds distribute gametes
A
conifer=pollen (wind)
17
Q
vascular seeds progeny
A
diploid seeds (wind, seed pollinator)
18
Q
vascular seeds with flowers distribute gametes
A
pollen (wind/pollinators)
19
Q
vascular seeds with flowers progeny
A
diploid seeds (wind, seed pollinators)
20
Q
what were early helpers of land plants?
A
fungi
21
Q
mutualistic fungi date to
A
460 mya
22
Q
mutualistic fungi aid with
A
absorption of water and minerals
23
Q
a synapomorphy of land plants is an (blank) protected by tissues of the parent plant
A
embryo
24
Q
- 9000 species
- gametophyte dominant
- also reproduce asexually
A
liverworts
25
How do liverworts reproduce asexually?
- by fragmentation of the gametophyte
| - by gemmae, dispersed by raindrops
26
- 15,000 species
- have stomata
- gametophytes begin as branched filamentous structures
- peat
- bogs
mosses
27
what is the stomata important for?
H2O and gas exchange
28
branched filamentous structures
protonema
29
sphagnum moss grows in
cool, swampy places
30
compression of moss leads to (blank) which leads to (blank)
peat, coal
31
(blank) develop where peat builds up over time
bogs
32
- 100 species
| - gametophytes are flat plates of cells
hornworts
33
vascularity evolved after
50 million years on land
34
silurian (blank) evolved 430 mya
tracheid
35
tracheids are (blank)
water conducting elements of xylem
36
components of the vascular system
- xylem
| - phloem
37
xylem
water and minerals from soil (up)
38
phloem
products of photosynthesis (down)
39
xylem cell walls have (blank)
lignin
40
tall plant advantage
more light, spore dispersal
41
- carboniferous period (350-300 mya) vascular plants fluorished in tropical swamps
- millions of years later, coal
vascular plants (lycophytes, horsetails, ferns)
42
the fall of vascular (seedless, flowerless) plants
- extensive glaciation
| - forests were replaced by gymnosperms
43
- branching, nutritionally independent
| - familiar form
sporophytes
44
- strobili
- mycrophylis
- true roots
phylum lycophyta (club mosses)
45
clusters containing spores
strobili
46
simple, lifelike structures (spirals on stem)
mycrophylis
47
- leaves grow in whorls
- silica in cell walls
- have true roots
phylum sphenophyta (horsetails)
48
phylum sphenophyta genus
equisetum
49
- leaves may grow up to 30 m
| - spores within sori underside leaves
phylum pterophyta (ferns)
50
ferns+horsetails+seed plants=
euphyliophytes
51
ferns + horsetails =
clade monilophytes
52
monilophytes+seed plants=
euphyilophytes (true + leaf plant)
53
overtopping
new branches grow beyond others
54
Why is overtopping an advantage?
- branches formed photosynthetic tissue (megaphyll)
| - increased photosynthetic surface area
55
- "naked seed"
- ovule not protected by ovary
- seeds not protected by fruit
- angiosperms
gymnosperms
56
seed plants had two innovations
- woody tissue
| - seeds
57
primary growth direction
up and down
58
secondary growth direction
left and right
59
secondary growth
- wood (secondary xylem)
| - height (photosynthesis)
60
2 challenges to living on land
- distribute gametes, progeny
| - no water for fertilization and wind for pollination
61
three major groups of gymnosperms
- cycads (300 species)
- gingkos (one living species- Gingko Biloba)
- Conifers (700 species)
62
alternation of generations in list form
- diploid (2n)
- microstrobili
- meiosis
- habloid
- microspores
- pollen grain
- female gametophyte
- fertilization
- zygote
- embryo
- sporophyte
63
pollination
pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte
64
fertilization
sperm meets egg
65
pollination steps
- pollen tube tunnels to megagametophyte
- entry through microphyle
- sperm released from tube
66
seed coat
derived from integument; parental sporophyte tissue
67
food supply
female gametophyte tissue (n)
68
embryo
new sporophyte (2n)
69
3 components of seed
-seed coat, food supply, embryo
70
seeds have tissues from (blank) generations
3
71
a (blank) develops from the integument
seed coat
72
haploid female gametophytic tissue from the next generation contains a (blank) for developing embryo
nutrient supply
73
the (blank) is the new diploid sporophyte generation
embryo
74
- seeds are protected resting stages
- may remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are favorable
- seed coat (2n) protects seeds from dyring out
- many seeds also have adaptations for dispersal
gymnosperm seeds
75
some conifers have what instead of cones?
soft, fleshy tissue around seeds (not fruit)
76
angiosperm meaning
"enclosed seed"
77
what advantages did the evolution of the seed provide seed plants over seedless plants?
dormant and dispersal
78
what are the 6 synapomorphies of angiosperms?
- flowers
- ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel
- pollen on stigma
- double fertilization
- endosperm- nutritive tissue for embryo (3n)
- fruit
79
pistil
composed of carpels
80
one or more carpels for the
pistil
81
grouped flowers
inflorescence
82
perfect flowers
have both mega and microsporangia
83
disadvantage of perfect flowers
self fertilization
84
advantage of perfect flowers
2 processes complete at once
85
imperfect flowers
either mega or microsporangia
| -monoecious and dioecious
86
monoecious
male and female flowers occur on same plant
87
dioecious
male and female flowers occur on different plants
88
double fertilization process
1) sperm 1 +egg = zygote (2n)
| 2) sperm 2 + central cell (n+n)= endosperm (3n)
89
endosperm
nutrition/food for embryo
90
embryo
early stem and root + 1 or 2 cotyledons
91
ovary and seeds develop into (blank) after fertilization
fruits
92
fruit purpose
- protect seeds
| - dispersal
93
most angiosperms are in two clades:
monocots
| eudicots
94
monocots
one cotyledon (palms, grasses, crops, (corn-rice-barely-wheat)
95
eudicots
two cotyledons (most others, including trees)
96
How do plants benefit human society?
- produce O2 and remove CO2 from atmosphere
- contribute to soil formation and fertility
- roots hold soil in place, prevent erosion
- moderate local climate
- medicine
97
plant food benefit
10 crops supply 75% total world calories
98
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
pollination is when the pollen lands on the stigma while fertilization occurs when the male cell fuses with the female cell
99
Characteristics of wind pollinated plants
no nectar, greater amount of pollen, tend to have tiny flowers, often grass plants, no scent, no bright colors, tend to be taller, often look boring
100
characteristic of bird pollinated plants
attractive, colorful petals, don't have a smell, contain nectar, have red color, trumpet shaped flowers
101
why do plants avoid self-fertilization
to avoid potentially dangerous deleterious recessive traits
102
how do plants avoid self fertilization?
- stigma may not be activated until all of the male pollen has been taken from flower
- produce male and female flowers on separate ind.
103
what is the purpose of flower plants?
- petals are advertisements that attract animal messengers
| - landing area specific for the flower's pollinators
104
what animals can pollinate?
- birds, insects, bats, etc
| - there are some cases of mammals such as mice, bats, lemurs, even reptiles such as giant gecko
105
what are the rewards?
- plant acted as breeding ground, plant offered a place to lay eggs
- nectar, wax gives off a perfume for the bee to mate with females
- nutrition in form of nectar
106
how do plants "trick" pollinators?
- appearing as a mate to the organism
| - appear to be and smell like rotting flesh
107
what part of dandelions floats through air?
seed attached to fruit
108
Are fungi unicellular? Plants?
yes, no
109
Do fungi have a cell wall present? Plants?
yes, yes
110
Are fungi eukaryotic? Plants?
yes, yes
111
Are fungi absorptive heterotrophs? Plants?
yes, no
112
Are fungi saprobic? Plants?
yes, no
113
Are fungi nitrogen fixers? Plants?
no, no
114
Can fungi be parasitic? Plants?
yes yes
115
What is a fungus?
- absorptive heterotrophy
| - chitin in cell walls
116
multicellular fungi:
| body is a (blank) composed of tubular filaments called (blank)
mycellium, hyphae
117
multicellular fungi
| hyphae separated with (blank) are called (blank)
septa, septate
118
hyphae without separation are called (blank)
coenocytic
119
yeast
- unicellular
- lifestyle
- no hyphae
120
chytrids
-only fungi with flagella
121
Zygomycota characteristics and example
- bread mold
- coenocytic hyphae in some or all
- terrestrial
122
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- hyphae penetrate cell wall of root
- mutualist with plants
- mitigate drought conditions for crops
123
fungi mycorrhizae
- 80 to 90% of plants have associations with mycorrhizae
| - hyphae are coenocytic
124
ascomycota asexual reproduction
conidia form at tips
125
ascomycota unicellular
yeast saccharomyces, glucose to ethanol +CO2
126
how do sac fungus yeast reproduce?
budding
127
the fruiting body of an ascomycota is called the
ascoma
128
in mushrooms, (blank) form on specialized structures called gills
basidia
129
(blank) are to ascomycota as (blank) are to basidiomycota
asci
| basidia
130
Has multicellular diploid generation
| Basidiomycota or plant?
plant
131
Has multicellular haploid generation
| basidiomycota or plant?
both
132
Has multicellular dicharotic generation
| basidiomycota or plant?
basidiomycota
133
sexual reproduction involves males and females
| basidiomycota or plant?
plant
134
sexual reproduction involves mating types
| basidiomycota or plant?
basidiomycota
135
syngamy (fusion of gametes)
| basidiomycota or plant?
plant
136
karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)
| basidiomycota or plant?
basidiomycota
137
plasmogomy (fusion of cytoplasm)
| basidiomycota or plant?
basidiomycota
138
3 ways fungus interacts with environment
- mutualism (+/+)
- commensalism (+/0)- saprobes
- predation (+/-)- parasites
139
fungi are the principal decomposers of
cellulose, ligin, and keratin
140
fungi causes human disease such as
ringworm and athlete's foot
141
fungi are the most common (blank) in plants
pathogens
142
roles of fungi
-hyphae invade plant tissues through stomata or wounds
143
example of predation
fungi trap microscopic nematode with hyphae ring
144
fungi are used as model organisms because
easily cultured and short generation times
145
reforestation in relation to fungi
projects must establish the mycorrhizal fungi as well as planting trees
