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lab test one Flashcards

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1
Q

phaneritic texture

A

coarse grained

mineral grains are large enough to see with unaided eye

intrusive texture

magma cooled slowly to allow for crystals to grow

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2
Q

vesicular/ frothy

A

lava contained large amounts of gas (like CO2)

extrusive

lava cooled so quickly that no minerals could form

will most likely have felsic composition

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3
Q

physical/mechanical weathering

A

processes that break rock without changing its chemical composition or properties

ex. frost wedging + heat expansion

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4
Q

medium grained

SIZE

A

detrital

sand-sized

grains between 1/16 mm and 2 mm

grains can be angular or rounded

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5
Q

oolitic texture

A

chemical

composed of rounded oolites

oolites are made of calcite

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6
Q

two types of foliation

A

layered or banded

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7
Q

metallic characteristics

A

shiny?

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8
Q

ign. intrusive textures definition

A

rocks that form from magma that cools below the surface

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9
Q

felsic

A

Minerals: Potassium Feldspar, Quartz, Biotite, Muscovite

Color: Pinkish, Red, White, Light Gray (Also, rocks with a glassy texture of all colors)

SiO2 Content: High

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10
Q

mafic

A

means iron + magnesium

Minerals: Ca-Plagioclase, Pyroxene (Augite), Olivine

Color: Black, Faded Black, Red (vesicular only)

SiO2 Content: Low

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11
Q

tectonic environments

A

subduction zones + riffs/hot spots

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12
Q

riffs/hot spots

A

mafic rocks

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13
Q

what makes a rock sedimentary?

A

form from the accumulation of sediments

sediments are generally formed through some weathering process

  • the only rocks with fossils in them
  • provide geological records
  • chairs, gas, etc.= fossil fuels
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14
Q

chemical weathering

A

chemical processes that cause chemical changes that break down rock

ex. dissolution + oxidation

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15
Q

detrital texture characteristics

A

compromised of mineral fragments held together by cement

textures are described based on their particle size

  • coarse grained
  • medium grained
  • fine grained
  • very fine grained
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16
Q

fine grained

SIZE

A

“fine grained/silt sized”

detrital

silt-sized grains; between 1/256 mm and 1/16 mm

will often feel smooth to skin but rough to fingernail

often the mineral quartz

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17
Q

crystalline texture

A

chemical

compromised of crystals large enough to distinguish with the eye

composed of minerals softer than glass

*calcite, gypsum, hallite

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18
Q

foliation

A

indicates that metamorphism has affected rocks

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19
Q

what makes it a mineral?

A

must be five things

  1. solid
  2. naturally occurring
  3. inorganic (usually)
  4. definite but not fixed, chemical composition
  5. ordered internal arrangement (crystalline structure)
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20
Q

what is color?

A

simply the color you see when you observe a sample

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21
Q

be able to explain what “streak” is and why it is important

A

color that a powdered sample has.

light can transmit through the small powder particles

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22
Q

luster

A

a minerals appearance when light is reflecting off its surface

two main categories

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23
Q

luster’s two main categories

A

metallic vs. non metallic

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24
Q

non-metallic characteristics

A

glass, pearly, dull, fibrous

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25
striations
look like small parallel lines etched into a minerals face caused by mineral twinning you may not be able to see it in all samples of minerals that have striations
26
hardness
a materials resistance to being scratched
27
tenacidy
when the material is hit
28
cleavage
what a mineral does when it breaks upon a plane of weakness
29
1-direction cleavage
basal, sheety @ 90 degrees= blocky not @ 90= splinters, oblique cleavage
30
3-direction cleavage
@ 90 degrees= cubic | not @ 90= rhombic
31
4-direction cleavage
octahedral
32
6-direction cleavage
dodecahedral
33
know each of the physical property tests, how they work, how to do them, and what they tell about the mineral being tested
Moh's scale of hardness (fingernail, glass test, acid test)
34
be able to recognize and identify "special" properties
10 ``` smell taste acid reaction magnetism feel flexibility elasticity conchodrial feature (vs. uneven) striations high density ```
35
what is a rock?
a solid aggregate of minerals with a few minor exceptions, a rock consists of pieces of mineral material held together in some fashion
36
what makes a rock igneous?
rocks that form from the cooling of a melt consists of interlocking crystals of minerals that form while these melts cool these crystals can be large enough to see or may require a microscope + a thin section of the rock * no layering or foliation * mainly composed of silicate minerals, therefore almost always dense and hard
37
geologists name melts based on _________
their relation to the surface below: magma at or above: lava
38
rock textures
texture= important has nothing to do with how the rock "feels" describes: grain shape grain size grain orientation
39
ign. extrusive textures definition
rocks that form from lava that cools at or above the surface
40
examples of intrusive textures
pegmatitic phaneritic porphyritic
41
examples of extrusive textures
``` aphanitic porphyritic glassy vesicular fragmental/pyroclastic ```
42
pegmatitic texture
very large crystals (some may be >2 cm. in size) intrusive texture magma contained large amounts of fluid (water or CO2) if a number of the crystals are the size of two finger widths, then the rock can be classified as pegmatitic
43
aphantic texture
fine grained mineral grains are too SMALL to be see with the unaided eye extrusive texture lava cooled relatively quickly + crystals do not have to grow very large
44
porphyritic texture
often a mixture of fine + coarse grained 2 different (at least) sized mineral grains intrusive/extrusive textures magma/lava cooled at different rates resulting in crystals of different sizes phenocrysts + groundmass
45
phenocrysts
longer crystals that cooled before the rest of the rock
46
groundmass
smaller crystals that formed as the rest of the magma cooled
47
glassy texture
no mineral grains to be seen extrusive textures lava cooled so quickly that no minerals could form will most likely have felsic composition
48
fragmental (pyroclastic)
rock made up of fragments of volcanic glass, mineral crystals, or lithic (rock) fragments. much of the rock is ash extrusive usually associated with violent volcanic eruption
49
intermediate
Minerals: Na/Ca- Plagioclase Feldspar, Biotite, Amphibole (Hornblende) Color: Medium to Dark Gray SiO2 Content: Intermediate
50
ultramafic
Will not see in lab. Rare on Earth's Surface makes up the Earth's surface Minerals: Ca-Plagioclase, Pyroxene (Enstatite), Olivine Usually comprised of over 80% of one of the above minerals. Color Varies based on mineral composition.
51
three types of volcanoes and examples of each
shield: ex. Marina Coa cindercone: ex. Capulin Volcano, New Mexico stratovolcano (composite): ex. Mt. Saint Helens
52
shield volcano
curved, with curve facing the sky/convex typically not as dangerous? very wide + large usually composed of MAFIC material
53
cindercone volcano
much smaller, but can grow very quickly only about 1000 feet high usually composed of MAFIC material
54
stratovolcanoes (composite)
medium in size only a few 1000 feet high; typically 5-6,000 usually medium gray usually composed of INTERMEDIATE material EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
55
subduction zones
felsic rocks always form here intermediate
56
two types of weathering
physical/mechanical chemical
57
chemical or organic texture characteristics
compromised of accumulations of shells., precipitated minerals, + other chemical sediments textures are related to various appearances - crystalline + microcrystalline - fossiliferous + microfossiliferous - oolitic - carbonaceous
58
examples of detrital textures
5 angular/coarse-grained rounded grained medium grained fine grained (silt-sized) very fine grained
59
examples of chemical textures
crystalline microcrystalline fossiliferous microfossiliferous oolitic
60
example of organic texture
carbonaceous
61
(SIZE) coarse-grained/(SHAPE) angular characteristics
detrital gravel-sized grains are larger than 2 mm in size little to no rounding on grains *just like taking a hammer to a rock + gluing the pieces together
62
rounded grained characteristics | SHAPE
detrital gravel-sized grains are larger than 2 mm in size grains show considerable rounding; no sharp angles
63
very fine grained | SIZE
detrital clay-sized grains smaller than 1/256 mm will feel smooth to skin AND fingernail both a size and type of mineral
64
microcrystalline texture
chemical crystals too small to see with eye composed of clay-sized chemical sediments either composed of quartz or calcite
65
fossiliferous
chemical compromised of either whole or broken fossils, large enough to see fossils will be made of calcite
66
microfossiliferous
chemical compromised of fossils to small to see w/ eye will have powdery feel composed of calcite
67
carbonaceous texture
organic compromised of carbon- not actually made of minerals may have glassy or blocky appearance
68
two depositional environments of sedimentary rocks
terrestrial + marine
69
terrestrial environment characteristics
gravels rusty red colors salt deposits carbonaceous material or plant fossils
70
marine environment characteristics
greens, blacks, tans, browns UNLESS it has salt any rock made of calcite (crystalline, microcrystalline, fossiliferous, microfossiliferous, oolitic) microcrystalline quartz, regardless of color
71
what makes a rock metamorphic?
harder/denser/heavier than igneous + sedimentary rocks likely to possess foliation rocks more brittle (if fine grained like shale, will be more brittle than shale) may possess a "sheen" due to foliation may have grains that are flattened or "oval" shaped because of pressure lack fossils usually lack the granular cemented nature of sedimentary-- more likely to have interlocking crystals. but crystals may be aligned
72
examples of metamorphic rock
``` talc chlorite saturolite garnet kyanite ```
73
sheen vs. no-sheen
sheen: a soft luster on a surface
74
layered foliation
in metamorphic rocks, is common in rocks of low to middle grades of alteration
75
banded foliation
essentially always related to high intensity alteration and found almost exclusively in high grade metamorphic rocks
76
foliated textures
will have foliated layers or foliation bands fine-grained fine-grained w/ sheen coarse grained
77
non-foliated textures
will not have foliated layers or bands fine-grained coarse-grained glassy/blocky
78
metamorphic grade
only applied to foliated rocks different intensities of metamorphism when heat, pressure, + chemical action alter the rocks
79
low metamorphic grade
fine grained/ fine w/ sheen layered foliation increase in crystal size with increasing metamorphism suggests that rocks with smaller/finer grains have undergone less intense alteration
80
minerals found in metamorphic rocks
``` talc garnet (sometimes igneous) chlorite (green) staturolite aluminosilicates ```
81
what are the aluminosilicates?
sillimonite andalusite kyanite (blue)
82
important changes in metamorphic rocks
change in grain size (larger) change in grain orientation change in rock mineralogy change in rock density
83
medium grade in met. rocks
coarse grained layered foliation
84
high grade in met. rocks
coarse grained banded foliation
85
foliated
(very) fine grained fine grained w/ sheen coarse grained- medium coarse grained- high
86
non-foliated
crystalline - quartz= scratch glass - dolomite/calcites- size glassy/greasy -carbon

Geology (6 decks)

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