Lecture Test 1 Edited Flashcards by Caylie Porter

vesicular igneous rock formed from felsic magma

pumice

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nonsilicate mineral in the carbonate group

dolomite

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mineral with sheet silicate structure

muscovite

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the most dominant rock associated with oceanic crust

basalt

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nonsilicate mineral in the native element group

graphite

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forms chain structures in cooling felsic magma

silica

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discordant tabular intrusive igneous feature

dike

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extrusive igneous feature associated with violent eruptions

composite volcano

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massive intrusive igneous feature commonly composed of granite

batholith

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first mineral to crystallize, according to Bowen’s Reaction Series

olivine

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the doctrine of ______ held that the major features of the surface of the earth were created by sudden, short-lived, violent events that no longer occur.**

a. the big bang theory
b. plate tectonics
c. uniformitarianism
d. catastrophism

catastrophism

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which type of volcanic hazard consists of saturated volcanic material moving rapidly down a slope?

a. Volcanic ash
b. Lahar
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Lava flow

lahar

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the Earth’s internal heat engine causes hot rocks in the mantle to _____________, whereas colder rocks tend to _____________.**

a. contract and rise; expand and sink
b. expand and rise; contract and sink
c. expand and sink; contract and rise
d. move laterally; stay stationary

expand and rise; contract and sink

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which of the following is not a force which drives plate motion?**

a. Slab pull
b. Gravitational forces from the sun
c. Ridge push
d. Convective flow

gravitational forces from the sun

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how long has the continental crust been evolving?

a. over the last 1 million years
b. over the last 2 billion years
c. over the last 4000 years
d. over the last 4 billion years

over the last 4 billion years

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where are the majority of transform faults located?

a. Southern California
b. On the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge
c. Radiating from convergent boundaries as stress fractures
d. Along mountain ranges that have been thrust up due to collision

on the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge

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Which of the following is not a geologic hazard?**

a. Poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation
b. Volcanic eruptions sending lava flows toward a city
c. Deforestation on a floodplain increasing the severity of river floods causing flooding of towns
d. An earthquake destroying a bridge

poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation

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The ______ is characterized by physical properties and comprises the crust and uppermost mantle.**

a. asthenosphere
b. lithosphere
c. outer core
d. inner core

lithosphere

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What property of the crust allowed it to form as the exterior of Earth?

a. Magma at the surface cooled and crystallized before anything in the interior
b. Materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top
c. Churning and upheaval in the interior thrust crustal rocks toward the surface
d. Meteorites impacting Earth deposited this material at the surface

materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top

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______ are an economically important mineral group.**

a. Carbonates
b. Native elements
c. Oxides
d. All of the above are economically important mineral groups

all of the above

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Which of the following elements is not abundant in the Earth’s crust?

a. oxygen
b. silicon
c. aluminum
d. uranium

uranium

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Which of the following is not considered a best management practice?

a. No till planting
b. Leaving strips of permanent vegetation
c. Complete removal of all vegetation
d. Planting tree rows for windbreaks

complete removal of all vegetation

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The three major classes of rock are known as:

a. crustal, subcrustal, and transitional
b. sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic
c. volcanic, plutonic, and transitional
d. weathered, eroded, and cemented

sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic

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Sedimentary rocks are formed from igneous rocks beginning with the process of _____.

a. erosion
b. crystallization
c. weathering
d. transportation

weathering

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_____ are the two primary factors that affect the rate of weathering. a. Climate and rock location b. Water and rock type c. Climate and rock type d. Altitude and rock location

climate and rock type

A ________ is a submarine volcano. a. Seamount b. Caldera c. Scoria Cone d. Dome

seamount

Which of the following textures would be the most common texture found in pillow lava?** a. Aphanitic b. Pyroclastic c. Porphyritic d. Phaneritic

aphanitic

Which type of convergence will result in a continental volcanic arc? a. Oceanic-Continental b. Oceanic-Oceanic c. Continental-Continental d. Hydrosphere-Atmosphere

oceanic-continental

________ is a material's resistance to flowing. a. Viscosity b. Volatiles c. Composition d. Quiescent

viscosity

________ is when iron particles in lavas align their magnetic fields with magnetic north, preserving a record of that pole's location at that moment in time. a. Mantle Plume b. Paleomagnetism c. Magnetic Reversal d. Seafloor Spreading

paleomagnetism

A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like materials. a. Tetrahedron b. Mineral c. Rock d. Mixture

rock

________ bonding links silicon to oxygen atoms in a silica-oxygen tetrahedron. a. Metallic b. Ionic c. Hybrid d. Covalent

covalent

Select the choice below that best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma. a. Volatiles will reduce the pressure b. Volatiles will force the magma to contract as it rises c. Volatiles will shatter surrounding rocks, making it easier for the magma to rise d. Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

Which mineral class makes up most igneous rocks? a. Carbonates b. Sulfides c. Silicates d. Halides

silicates

What is the charge of a single proton? a. +1 b. -1 c. +2 d. Depends on atomic bond type

Steno’s Law refers to _____. a. the way a mineral cleaves b. the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral c. the way a mineral fractures d. the presence of water reducing the melting point of a rock

the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral

A(n) ___ is a tentative explanation, whereas a(n) ____ has survived extensive scrutiny over many years and is in all likelihood true. a. theory; observation b. hypothesis; theory c. theory; hypothesis d. result; hypothesis

hypothesis; theory

What is the source of Earth’s internal heat? a. The sun b. Radioactive breakdown c. Leftover heat from Earth’s formation d. b and c

b and c

What is the definition of eluviation? a. Decayed organic material b. Accumulation of fine clay particles c. Transportation of fine clay particles d. The collective term for the O, A, E, and B horizons

transportation of fine clay particles

true or false magma mixing can change the composition of a magma body

true

true or false magma is composed of mobile ions of elements, crystals of silicates, and volatiles.

true

true or false parent material is the primary factor that causes differences among soils

false

true or false the jigsaw fit of the continents was used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis

true

true or false** mineral color is less reliable than streak color for mineral identification

true

true or false dissolution is a physical weathering process

false

true or false sheet silicate structure will affect the cleavage properties of a mineral

true

true or false a mineral is solid, naturally occurring, and organic, with an orderly crystalline structure, and definite chemical composition

false

true or false soil taxonomy is the process by which soil is eroded

false

true or false the four spheres on Earth operate independently from each other

false

Volcanic ash from an eruption settles on the ground and forms the volcanic rock _____.** a. Pegmatite b. Tuff c. Volcanic Breccia d. Basalt

tuff

Which of the following would decrease the viscosity of magma?** a. Increase in slope of volcanic fork b. Decrease in silica content c. Decrease in temperature d. Increase in dissolved gasses

decrease in silica content

igneous rock that has rapid cooling

basalt

nonsilicate mineral

sulphur

mafic silicate mineral

pyroxene

the most dominant rock associated with our continents

granite

mineral that will form clay minerals as it weathers

potassium feldspar

extrusive igneous feature not particularly dangerous or explosive

shield volcano

intrusive igneous feature that arches sedimentary rock

laccolith

which of the following textures would be the most common texture found in a batholith? a. Aphanitic b. Pyroclastic c. Porphyritic d. Phaneritic

phaneritic

James Hutton was a scientist who developed the idea of _______ to explain the slow, steady changes responsible for shaping the Earth. a. Uniformity b. The Big Bang Theory c. Plate Tectonics d. Uniformitarianism

uniformitarianism

which type of volcanic hazard can decrease global temperatures? a. Volcanic ash b. Lahar c. Pyroclastic flow d. Lava flow

volcanic ash

a typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________. a. 2 meters per year b. 20 feet per year c. 2 centimeters per year d. 5 miles per year

2 centimeters per year

Earth is unique among terrestrial planets in that it________. a. has liquid water at its surface b. has an active system of (plate) tectonics c. supports a biosphere d. all of these are unique attributes of Earth

all of these are unique attributes of Earth (ACTUALLY KNOW THEM)

_____ are the two primary factors that affect the rate of weathering. a. Climate and rock location b. Water and rock type c. Climate and rock type d. Altitude and rock location

climate and rock type

The Earth’s lithosphere is comprised of the a. crust and uppermost mantle b. core and mantle c. asthenosphere d. uppermost mantle

crust and uppermost mantle

_____ is a chemical weathering process which releases iron for oxidation. a. Oxidation b. Frost wedging c. Biological activity d. Hydrolysis

hydrolosis

________ is a material's resistance to flowing. a. Viscosity b. Volatiles c. Composition d. Quiescent

viscosity

________ bonding links silicon to oxygen atoms in a silica-oxygen tetrahedron. a. Metallic b. Ionic c. Hybrid d. Covalent

covalent

volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

6. Steno’s Law refers to _____. a. the way a mineral cleaves b. the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral c. the way a mineral fractures d. the presence of water reducing the melting point of a rock

the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral

What is the source of Earth’s internal heat? a. The sun b. Radioactive breakdown c. Leftover heat from Earth’s formation d. b and c

b and c

Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks derived from igneous "parents" make up what percentage of the Earth's crust? a. 50% b. 95% c. 82% d. 75%

95%

true or false crystal settling can change the composition of a magma body

true

true or false** a convergent plate boundary will always remain an area of plate convergence throughout geologic time

false

true or false Wegener’s proposal that gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon could move continents was widely accepted by the scientific community

false

true or false marble, which is composed of the mineral calcite, is easily dissolved by acid rain

true

true or false O, A, and C horizons make up the solum (true soil)

false

true or false frost wedging and salt crystal growth are mechanical weathering agents which enlarge cracks in rock.

true

true or false the atmosphere is affected by volcanic eruptions

true

Which of the following is a type of lava flow that has a ropey, smooth surface? a. Block lava flow b. Pahoehoe flow c. Pillow lava d. Aa flow

pahoehoe flow

which type of convergence will create a volcanic island arc? a. Oceanic-Continental b. Oceanic-Oceanic c. Continental-Continental d. Hydrosphere-Atmosphere

oceanic-oceanic

_____ is a chemical weathering process which is accelerated by _____. a. Oxidation; the presence of water b. Oxidation; cool temperatures c. Sheeting; ice d. Frost wedging; cold temperatures

oxidation; the presence of water

what role does water have in the origin of magma within the earth? a. Water reduces friction between atoms b. Water reduces pressure on rock c. Water reduces the melting point of rock d. Water does not exist in rocks at depth within the earth

water reduces pressure on rock

diamond and graphite are ______. a. polymorphs b. both composed of carbon atoms and the same hardness c. polymorphs and the same hardness d. polymorphs and both composed of carbon atoms

polymorphs and both composed of carbon atoms

The Dust Bowl had profound ________. a. psychological effects on people living in the areas affected b. wind erosion c. economic impacts d. all of the above

all of the above

geology

scientific study of earth

historical geology

the study of the origin and development of Earth through time

physical geology

the study of the earth's materials and processes + seeking to understand the many processes that operate within and upon our planet ex. paleontology, mineralogy, and volcanology

natural processes

ex. flooding occurs in places w/o humans or evidence of human processes

geological hazards

natural events that have a human impact ex. sinkholes, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes

catastrophism

belief that Earth's landscapes were shaped by great catastrophes doesn't really explain how the earth's processes occur

uniformatism

the physical, chemical, and biological process that operate today have also operated in the geological past the present is the key to understanding the past James Hutton, "Theory of the Earth"

the accepted age of the Earth?

4.6 billion years?

list and describe the Earth's 4 major spheres + how they relate to the Earth's system science

1. biosphere: living organisms 2. hydrosphere: water on or near Earth's surface; fresh water, saline water, oceans 3. geosphere: the solid rocky Earth; igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, etc. 4. atmosphere: gases that envelop the Earth

outline the stages of nebular theory

1. the birth of the solar system began as dust and gases (nebula) started to gravitationally collapse 2. nebula contracted into rotating disk that was heated by conversion of gravitational theory to thermal energy 3. cooling of the nebular cloud caused rocks and metallic material to condense into tiny particles 4. repeated collisions cause the dust-like particles to gradually coalesce into asteroid-size bodies that accredit into planet w/ a few million years

understand the Earth's internal structure

``` inner core: solid core: iron + nickel outer core: liquid lower mantle: solid mantle: high density rock upper mantle: solid crust: low density rock ```

explain the rock cycle

intrusive igneous rock ----> weathering, transport, deposition; breaks down rock that is transported and deposited as sediment -----> sediment-----> lithification, compaction, cementation; sediment is compacted + cemented to form sedimentary rock -----> sedimentary rock----> metamorphism, heat, intense pressure; when sedimentary rock is buried deep in crust, heat and pressure (stress) turn it into metamorphic rock---> metamorphic rock----> melting----> magma/lava; magma forms when rock melts deep beneath earth's surface----> cooling, crystalization=igneous rocks-----> extrusive igneous rocks

understand major features of continents and ocean basins

- mountain belts: topographically high areas of deformed rocks - cratons: stable interiors of the continents - shields: expansive flat regions composed of deformed igneous + metamorphic rocks - stable platforms: deformed rocks covered by sedimentary rocks

the three types of convergent plate boundaries

1. oceanic-continental 2. oceanic-oceanic 3. continental-continental

how do geologists measure plate motion and calculate plate velocities

age of seafloor and distance from spreading center from space via GPS

characteristics of minerals and rocks

minerals: naturally occuring- generally inorganic- solid substance- orderly crystalline structure- definite chemical composition rock: a solid mass of minerals or mineral- like matter that occurs naturally

understand atomic components and structure

protons: charge +1 neutrons: charge 0 electrons: charge -1

electrons

exists as clouds of negative charges/orbitals around nucleus composed of protons and neutrons outermost orbital shell contains valence electrons interact with other atoms to form bonds

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; describes the atoms chemical nature

elements

a group of the same kind of atoms

chemical bonding

two or more elements combine and transfer or share electrons Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, and Hybrid Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons

ionic bonding

atoms gain or lose outermost (valence) electrons to form ions (positively and negatively charged atoms)

covalent bonding

Atoms held together by the attraction of oppositely charged particles positively charged protons in each nuclei and negatively charged electrons that surround nuclei

metallic bonding

valence electrons are free to migrate

hybrid bonds

some degree of electron sharing and electron transfer

how are minerals formed

Stability – minerals will precipitate or crystallize if bonding allows a lower energy state, compared to the atoms existing as a liquid or gas precipitation of mineral matter crystallization of molten rock

Lecture Test 1 Edited Flashcards

(111 cards)