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Fundatmentals > Lab Tests > Flashcards

Lab Tests Flashcards

0
Q

What is the difference between a Comprehensive Medical Panel and a Basic Metabolic Panel?

A

The comprehensive medical panel has all the tests as the basic metabolic panel plus Albumin, Total Protein, and the liver tests of liver function

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1
Q

What eight values does a Basic Metabolic Panel test?

A

Glucose, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Carbon Dioxide, Calcium, Creatinine, and BUN

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2
Q

What are the tests for liver function?

A

ALP, ALT, AST, and Bilirubin

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3
Q

Volume of packed RBCs in 100 mL of blood

A

Hematocrit

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4
Q

In what diseases is hematocrit lowered?

A

Acute blood loss, anemia, cancers, cirrhosis, malnutrition, vitamin B and C deficiencies, leukemia, and renal failure

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5
Q

In what conditions is hematocrit increased?

A

Dehydration, hypovolemia, and polycythemia vera

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6
Q

Which drug can cause a low hematocrit?

A

Penicillin

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7
Q

What is the critical value of hematocrit?

A

<15%

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8
Q

What can a critically low hematocrit lead to?

A

Heart Failure

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9
Q

A protein substance in RBCs that is composed of an iron and globin?

A

Hemoglobin

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10
Q

What conditions can lead to decreased hemoglobin levels?

A

Anemia, cancers, kidney disease, and excess IV fluid

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11
Q

What conditions cause increased hemoglobin levels?

A

Dehydration, polycythemia, high altitudes, and COPD

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12
Q

Low hemoglobin levels put the patient at risk for what complications?

A

Angina, heart attack, and heart failure

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13
Q

Too high hemoglobin levels can lead to what complications?

A

Stroke and organ infaction

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14
Q

What are the critical values of hemoglobin?

A

20

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15
Q

What are signs and symptoms of anemia?

A

Fatigue, pallor, and tachycardia

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16
Q

What is the appropriate BUN range?

A

10-20 mg/dL

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17
Q

What is a BUN level a measure of?

A

Liver function, and indirectly, kidney function

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18
Q

What conditions result in abnormally low BUN levels?

A

Liver failure, over hydration, negative nitrogen balance, nephrotic syndrome and a low protein diet

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19
Q

What causes a negative nitrogen balance?

A

Malnutrition and malabsorption

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20
Q

What is the medical term for increased BUN levels?

A

Azotemia

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21
Q

What are the prerenal causes of azotemia?

A

Reduced blood volume, reduced renal blood flow, GI bleeding, excessive protein feeding, excess protein catabolism, and sepsis

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22
Q

What conditions might cause reduced blood flow to the kidneys?

A

CHF and MI

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23
Q

What are the renal causes of azotemia?

A

Renal disease, renal failure, and nephrotoxic drugs

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24
Q

What are the postrenal causes of azotemia?

A

Urethral obstruction and bladder obstruction

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25
Q

What is creatinine a byproduct of?

A

Muscle catabolism

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26
Q

What are the normal ranges of Creatinine in males and females?

A

0.6-1.2 in males, 0.5-1.1 in females

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27
Q

What do high creatinine levels indicate?

A

Acute and chronic renal failure, reduced renal blood flow, cancers, lupus, and rhabdomyolysis

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28
Q

What do decreased creatinine levels indicate?

A

Muscle atrophy and reduced muscle mass

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29
Q

What can cause a transient elevation in creatinine levels?

A

Diets high in meat

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30
Q

What is bilirubin made from?

A

The heme of old or damaged RBCs

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31
Q

At what serum level of bililrubin would the patient be jaundice?

A

2.5 mg/dL

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32
Q

What would cause a rise in indirect bilirubin levels?

A

Hemolysis and hepatocellular injury

33
Q

What would cause a rise in direct bilirubin levels?

A

Obstruction and cancers

34
Q

What would cause a rise in total bilirubin levels?

A

Biliary obstruction

35
Q

What is the critical level of bilirubin in adults?

A

> 12 mg/dL

36
Q

What is the critical level of bilirubin in newborns?

A

> 15 mg/dL

37
Q

Newborn jaundice is generally caused by what type of bilirubin?

A

Indirect

38
Q

How can the nurse prevent increased bilirubin levels?

A

Avoid hemolysis of blood products and lab specimen and protect samples from bright lights

39
Q

What does an alkaline phosphate test monitor?

A

Diseases of the liver and bone

40
Q

What would cause an increase in alkaline phosphates?

A

Biliary obstruction and cholestatic hepatitis

41
Q

What does a serum aspartate aminotransferase test (AST) monitor?

A

Enzymes found in the heart and liver muscle

42
Q

What does a serum alanine aminotransferase test (ALT) monitor?

A

Enzymes found in the liver

43
Q

Of the liver enzyme function tests, which is the most specific measurement of the liver enzymes for hepatocellular disease?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

44
Q

When a hepatocellular injury occurs, what happens to the levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alaninie Aminotransferase?

A

They rise

45
Q

What tests are done to measure coagulation time?

A

PT, aPTT, PTT, INR

46
Q

What is the normal Prothrombin Time?

A

11-12.5 seconds

47
Q

What conditions does a decrease in prothrombin time indicate?

A

Thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolus

48
Q

What does an increased prothrombin time indicate?

A

Anticoagulation therapy, liver disease, coagulation defect, and malasorption

49
Q

Which anticoagulation drugs cause a change in Prothrombin time?

A

Aspirin and Coumadin

50
Q

What is the normal INR range?

A

0.7-1.8

51
Q

What is a therapeutic INR range?

A

2.0-3.5

52
Q

Why is INR and PT used?

A

To provide a better interpretation of the results

53
Q

What can increase coagulation times and counteract coagulation therapy?

A

Vitamin K

54
Q

What should the nurse assess on a patient with prolonged prothrombin times?

A

Bleeding tendencies like hematuria, bruising, petechiae, and back pain

55
Q

What is the normal aPTT range?

A

21-40 seconds

56
Q

What is the critical value of an aPTT?

A

70 seconds

57
Q

When is an aPTT used?

A

When the patient is on heparin

58
Q

What is the normal PTT range?

A

60-70 seconds

59
Q

What is a critical PTT value?

A

100 seconds

60
Q

What does PTT evaluate?

A

Intrinsic system of clotting

61
Q

What does a PT evaluate?

A

Extrinsic clotting system

62
Q

What would cause a decrease in an aPTT/PTT?

A

Ovarian, pancreatic, and colon cancer

63
Q

What would cause an increase in an aPTT/PTT?

A

Cirrhosis, vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulants

64
Q

When should the aPTT be completed?

A

30-60 minutes before the next scheduled heparin dose

65
Q

How would a nurse assess a patient on anticoagulants for bleeding?

A

Look at the urine, skin, gums, and stool

66
Q

How can heparin be reversed?

A

Protamine sulfate

67
Q

What is the total protein value a combination of?

A

Prealbumin, albumin, and globulins

68
Q

Protein test indicating nutritional status and liver function

A

Preablumin

69
Q

Why is prealbumin a good indicator of nutritional status?

A

Because it has a short half-life

70
Q

In which patients is a prealbumin level especially important in?

A

Those receiving TPN

71
Q

Proteins formed in the liver that maintain colloidal osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

72
Q

What does albumin transport?

A

Drugs, hormones, and enzymes

73
Q

Building blocks of antibodies, glycoproteins, lipid proteins, and clotting factors

A

Globulins

74
Q

What are the most common critical values called in to the nurse?

A

Potassium, Glucose, WBCs, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Platelets, Calcium, and Troponin

75
Q

What is a normal fasting glucose range?

A

70-100 mg/dL

76
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

5000-10000/mcL

77
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

150,000-400,000/mcL

78
Q

What is the normal range of Hemoglobin in males and females?

A

14-18 g/dL in males and 12-16 g/dL in females

79
Q

What is the normal Hematocrit range in males and females?

A

42%-52% in males and 37%-47% in females

80
Q

What does a hematocrit level of <24% indicate?

A

The need for a transfusion

Fundatmentals (6 decks)

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