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VMT 216 - Anatomy & Physiology > Lab : The Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Lab : The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scapula?

A

the shoulder blade

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2
Q

How is the scapula held in the body?

A

by muscles, it has no direct attachment to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

what is the large ridge along the lateral aspect of the scapula called?

A

the spine of the scapula

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4
Q

What bone is typically only found in cats most cranially?

A

a vestigial clavicle (dogs may/may not have it, completely absent in equine/ox)

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5
Q

Distally from the scapula, what bone is found?

A

the humerus

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6
Q

where does the humerus and the scapula articulate to form the shoulder joint?

A

at the head of the humerus

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7
Q

what is the upper arm region also known as?

A

the brachium

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8
Q

What structure is located medial on the head of the humerus?

A

the intertubercular groove

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9
Q

what is found in the intertubercular groove?

A

the tendon of the biceps brachii

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10
Q

In the dog, what is located at the distal end of the humerus?

A

the supratrochlear notch

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11
Q

what is the lower arm region called?

A

the antebrachium

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12
Q

which two bones are found in the antebrachium?

A

the radius and the unla

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13
Q

which bone is the weight bearing bone of the antebachium?

A

the radius

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14
Q

what structure is located at the proximal end of the radius?

A

the head of the radius

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15
Q

what bones do the head of the radius articulate with?

A

the humerus and the unla

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16
Q

what structure is found distally on the radius?

A

the trochlea

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17
Q

what is found at the trochlea of the radius?

A

tendons of the extensor muscles

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18
Q

What is the proximal point of the ulna?

A

the olecranon

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19
Q

what does the olecranon do?

A

serves as a lever for the triceps muscle to extend the cubital joint

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20
Q

what is the proximal hook-like structure on the ulna?

A

the trochlear notch

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21
Q

what is the proximal point of the trochlear notch?

A

the anconeal process

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22
Q

what is the distal tip of the ulna

A

the styloid process

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23
Q

why can horses and cows not supinate or pronate their antebrachium?

A

because their radius and ulna are fused together

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24
Q

what is the manus?

A

the hand (or front foot)

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25
what bones make up the manus?
the carpus, metacarpus, phalanges, and sesamoid bones
26
What do the bones of the carpus form?
a compound joint
27
how are the carpal bones arranged?
into two rows; bones in each row differ in number depending on species
28
in the proximal row of carpal bones, what two bones are found?
the radial and ulnar carpal bones; each associated with either the radius or ulna
29
How are the distal carpal bones arranged?
in coordination with the digit they associate with
30
how are digits and metacarpals numbered?
1-5 starting medial and moving laterally
31
In cats and dogs, what is their first digit?
the dewclaw
32
where is the dewclaw located?
on the medial aspect of the carpus, higher than other digits; it is not weight bearing
33
What metacarpals is the horse missing?
the 1st and 5th digits and metacarpals
34
where are metacarpals 2 and 4 in the horse?
they are vestigial, and typically fuse into the cannon bone forming splint bones
35
what is the only digit a horse has?
the 3rd digit; which is weight bearing
36
what does the 3rd metacarpal of a horse form?
the cannon bone
37
What metacarpals is the cow missing?
1st and 2nd metacarpals
38
What metacarpals fuse together in the cow?
the 3rd and 4th to fuse the cannon bone
39
Where is the 5th metacarpal found on the cow?
on the proximal aspect of the lateral cannon bone, typically vestigial
40
What is found at the distal end of the metacarpal bones?
two small rounded palmar sesamoid bones
41
what is the function of the palmar sesamoid bones?
to help joints that need extra leverage in order to flex
42
each digit has how many phalanges?
3
43
how are they numbered?
the same way metacarpals are, each with a proximal, middle, and distal phalanax
44
what are the weight bearing digits of dogs and cats?
digits 2-5
45
what are the weight bearing digits of cows?
digits 3 & 4
46
what is the weight bearing digit of horses?
digit 3
47
on dogs and cats, each distal phalanx has a bony point called the
ungual process which connects directly to each claw
48
on dogs and cats, what is found at the proximal end of the phalanges?
2 small sesamoid bones
49
what is the most distal phalanx called in cows and horses?
the coffin bone
50
what do cows and horses have on the palmar aspect of their distal limbs?
proximal and distal sesamoid bones
51
what are the distal sesamoid limbs called in horses?
the navicular bone
52
What do the pelvic limbs have that the thoracic limbs lack?
a direct axial skeleton attachment
53
what is the pelvis called?
os coxae
54
what does the os coxae articulate with?
the sacral vertebrae
55
what is the space between the os coxae and the sacral vertebrae?
the pelvic cavity
56
what bones make up the os coxae?
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
57
What are the large wing-like projections dorso-lateral on the os coxae
the ilium (or wings of the ilium)
58
where does the ilium meet the sacrum of the spine?
their medial aspect; the ilium's articular surface
59
what is the tip of each ilium?
the tuber coxae
60
what is the tuber coxae known as in the cow?
the hook
61
where is the ischium located?
ventro-caudally from the ilium
62
what is the large hole found medially on the ischium?
the obturator foramen
63
what is found on the lateral aspect of the ischium?
the acetabulum
64
what does the acetabulum do?
this is where the pelvis articulates with the femur
65
what is found on the caudal most aspect of the ischium
the ischiatic tuberosity
66
what does the ischiatic tuberosity do?
provide muscle attachment for the thigh muscles
67
what is the most ventral bone of the os coxae?
the pubis
68
where does the pubis meet and what does it form?
they meet medially and form the pubis symphysis
69
What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum?
the head of the femur
70
what joint does the femur and acetabulum form?
a ball and socket joint
71
What is found laterally on the proximal femur?
the greater trochanter
72
what does the greater trochanter allow for?
the surrounding muscles to rotate the femur
73
Distally on the femoral body is what?
the lateral and medial condyles
74
what does the cranial surface of these condyles form?
the intercondylar fossa
75
what does the intercondylar fossa allow for?
the sliding movement of the patella
76
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
the patella
77
what does the proximal patella allow for?
attachment of the quadriceps muscles
78
What is the trochlear tubercle?
the large prominance on the medial aspect of the horse patella
79
what does the trochlear tubercle do?
allow the horse to lock its stifle in place while standing; also known as the stay apparatus
80
What bones make up the crus?
the tibia and fibula
81
what is the ridge on the proximal cranial aspect of the tibia?
the tibial tuberosity
82
what does the tibial tuberosity allow for?
the patellar ligament to attach; which is a continuation of the quadriceps muscle
83
Does the fibula bear weight?
No
84
what does the fibula allow for?
muscle attachments
85
what is the proximal end of the fibula? the distal end?
head of the fibula; lateral malleolus
86
What is different about the cows fibula?
it is fused with the tibia and is very short
87
what is different about the horses fibula?
it is about half the length of the tibia and is fused distally
88
The proximal row of bones in the tarsus is known as the what?
the calcaneus (lateral) and talus (medial)
89
what is another name for the tarsus?
the hock
90
what is the hind foot known as?
the pes
91
what is missing in the pes of dogs and cats?
the first digit

VMT 216 - Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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