Lab : The Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Where is the occipital bone located? What does it allow for?

Answer 1

at the very caudal end of the skull; articulation with the first cervical vertebra

Question 2

What bone directly articulates with the atlas?

Answer 2

the occipital condyles

Question 3

What is the space between the occipital bones? Whats it for?

Answer 3

the foramen magnum; allows for connection between the brain and the spinal cord

Question 4

What bone structure is along the midline dorsal aspect of the skull?

Answer 4

The sagittal crest, made up of the occipital and parietal bones

Question 5

what muscle attaches to the sagittal crest?

Answer 5

masticatory muscle

Question 6

where are the parietal bones located?

Answer 6

at the dorso-caudal aspect of the skull, rostral to the occipital bones

Question 7

what does the parietal bones provide attachment for?

Answer 7

the temporalis muscle within the temporal fossa

Question 8

What do the temporal bones do?

Answer 8

provide protection for the ear and vestibular system

Question 9

where are the temporal bones located?

Answer 9

lateral to the parietal bones; make up the caudal aspect of the zygomatic arch

Question 10

what is the the part of the zygomatic arch connecting to the temporal bones called?

Answer 10

the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Question 11

What does the temporal bone articulate with?

Answer 11

the mandible

Question 12

what joint does the temporal bone and mandible form?

Answer 12

the temporomandibular joint

Question 13

what is the tympanic bulla?

Answer 13

the bubble-like structure at the ventral aspect of the temporal bone. Associated with the ear.

Question 14

What foramen is associated with the tympanic bulla, lateral to the temporal bone?

Answer 14

the external acoustic meatus

Question 15

What bones are located at the most dorsal aspect of the skull?

Answer 15

the frontal bones

Question 16

what structure is contained in the frontal bones?

Answer 16

the frontal sinuses

Question 17

where is the zygomatic bone located?

Answer 17

lateral to the frontal bones

Question 18

what part of the zygomatic bone extends caudally?

Answer 18

the frontal process of the zygomatic arch

Question 19

what bone structure does the frontal process of the zygomatic arch, and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone create?

Answer 19

the zygomatic arch

Question 20

What animals do not have a complete orbit?

Answer 20

the dog and cat

Question 21

what is the orbit?

Answer 21

where the eye goes

Question 22

what attaches to the external acoustic meatus

Answer 22

the external ear canal leading out to the pinna

Question 23

In equines, what bone structure does the zygomatic bone and maxillary bone form?

Answer 23

the facial crest; this is where the masseter muscle attaches

Question 24

Where is the sphenoid complex located?

Answer 24

ventral to the frontal bones (inside the skull)

Question 25

Where is the lacrimal bone located?

Answer 25

in the ventro-medial aspect of the orbit (corner of the eye)

Question 26

What does the lacrimal bone allow for?

Answer 26

the connection between the orbit and the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct (tear duct)

Question 27

What are the two symmetrical foramina rostral to the sphenoid complex called?

Answer 27

the choanae (caudal nares)

Question 28

What structure is ventral to the choanae?

Answer 28

the palatine bone

Question 29

what does the palatine bone make up?

Answer 29

the hard palate

Question 30

dorsal to the palatine bone is what structure?

Answer 30

the ethmoid bone

Question 31

what does the ethmoid bone contain?

Answer 31

the cribriform plate; a wall to separate the nasal cavity from the cranial vault

Question 32

what bone structure is rostral to the palatine bone?

Answer 32

the maxilla

Question 33

what teeth does the maxilla house?

Answer 33

the molars and pre-molars in the dog and cat

Question 34

what does the maxilla not support in ox?

Answer 34

the incisors, they have dental pads instead

Question 35

in ruminants, what facial structure is found laterally on the maxilla?

Answer 35

the facial tuberosity; face nipple

Question 36

in horses, dogs, and cats, what bone is rostral to the maxilla?

Answer 36

the incisive bone which supports the incisors

Question 37

The lower jaw bone is the

Answer 37

mandible

Question 38

the rostral part of the mandible is the

Answer 38

body of the mandible; supports the lower dental arcade

Question 39

the caudal part of the mandible is the

Answer 39

ramus

Question 40

the most caudal part of the ramus is the

Answer 40

condylar process

Question 41

what does the condylar process form?

Answer 41

the ventral aspect of the temporomandibular joint

Question 42

where is the coronoid process? what does it do?

Answer 42

located at the most dorsal end of the ramus; allows for the attachment of mastication muscles

Question 43

What are the 2-3 small foramina located at the rostral end of the mandible body?

Answer 43

the mental foramina

Question 44

what does the mental foramina do?

Answer 44

allow passageway of the mental nerve through the mandible

Question 45

what immovable joint is located along the midline of the mandible?

Answer 45

the mandibular symphysis

Question 46

What is the order of vertebrae?

Answer 46

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 47

what is another name for C1? how is it identified?

Answer 47

the atlas; doesn't have a spinous process and has large flat transverse processes which make it look like a butterfly

Question 48

where does the atlas vertebrae articulate?

Answer 48

with the occipital condyles

Question 49

what is another name for C2? How can it be identified?

Answer 49

the axis; it has an extremely large spinous process, similar to a shark or dolphin fin

Question 50

How does the body of each vertebrae articulate with each other?

Answer 50

a unique joint containing intervertebral discs

Question 51

How does the spinal cord travel through the vertebrae?

Answer 51

via their vertebral foramen

Question 52

What two processes do the vertebrae use to form a synovial joint?

Answer 52

the caudal articular process and the cranial articular process

Question 53

How can the thoracic vertebrae be identified?

Answer 53

by their larger spinous processes

Question 54

What structure do all thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

Answer 54

the ribs

Question 55

what is the cartilaginous structure of the ribs called?

Answer 55

costal cartilage

Question 56

what is the sternum made up of?

Answer 56

each of the rib's sternebra which joins together in the middle

Question 57

What structure of the ribs is found in dogs?

Answer 57

floating ribs are found at the most caudal end and do not connect to cartilage or sternabra

Question 58

how are lumbar vertebrae easily identified?

Answer 58

by their larger transverse processes

Question 59

what does the sacral vertebrae form?

Answer 59

the attachment between the caudal axial and appendicular skeletons

Question 60

what does the sacral vertebrae articulate with?

Answer 60

the pelvis; the sacral vertebrae are fused

Question 61

what is the xyphoid process?

Answer 61

the most caudal aspect of the sternum; the penis of the sternum

Question 62

what is the nuchal ligament?

Answer 62

found in horses, it is the part you pet, running down the neck of the horse