- Anxiety Attack
- Hyperventilation
- Hypoxia
- Emphysema
- Pneumonia
- Impaired Lung Expansion
- CHF
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Diffuse Liver/CNS disease
- Salicylate Poisoning
- Extreme stress
- Stimulation of Respiratory Center
Respiratory Alkalosis Causes
Metabolic Acidosis Causes
- Diabetes
- Renal Insufficiency/Failure
- Diarrhea
- Muscle cramps
- Tetany
- Spasms
- Parasthesias
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Twitching
- Convulsion
- Arrhythmias
- Hypertension
Hypocalcemia Symptoms
- Hypoventilation (compensatory)
- Depressed Respirations
- Dysrhythmias
- Prolonged
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Weakness
- Muscle Twitching
- Irritability
- Agitation
- Convulsions
- Coma/Death
Metabolic Alkalosis Symptoms
- Reduced Albumin Levels
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Malabsorption of Calcium/Vitamin D
- Alkalosis
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Vitamin D deficiency
Hypocalcemia Causes
7.35-7.45
pH
135-146 mEq/L
Sodium
- Confusion
- Decreased Mental Alertness
- Convulsions
- Signs of Increased Intracerebral Pressure
- Poor Motor Coordination
- Sleepiness
- Anorexia.
Hyponatremia Symptoms
Potassium
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
Hypokalemia Symptoms
- Muscle weakness
- Aches
- Fatigue
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Abdominal Distention
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Respiratory Acidosis Causes
- Hypoventilation
- Drugs/Oversedation
- Chronic Pulmonary Disease
- Emphysema, Asthma, Bronchitis, Pneumonia
- Hypermetabolism
- Sepsis
- Burns
Respiratory Alkalosis Causes
- Anxiety Attack
- Hyperventilation
- Hypoxia
- Emphysema
- Pneumonia
- Impaired Lung Expansion
- CHF
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Diffuse Liver/CNS disease
- Salicylate Poisoning
- Extreme stress
- Stimulation of Respiratory Center
Hypocalcemia Symptoms
- Muscle cramps
- Tetany
- Spasms
- Parasthesias
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Twitching
- Convulsion
- Arrhythmias
- Hypertension
Sodium
135-146 mEq/L
Hypernatremia Causes
- Occurs with water deficits (not salt excesses)
- Muscle weakness
- Aches
- Fatigue
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Abdominal Distention
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Hypokalemia Symptoms
Hyperkalemia Causes
- Inadequate Secretion with Acute Renal Failure
- Kidney disease
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- SLE
Calcium
8.4-10.4 mg/dL
Platelet Count
150,000-450,000 cells/mm3
Hemoglobin
- Males: 13-18 g/dL
- Females: 12-16 g/dL
Male: 45%-52% Female: 37%-48%
Hematocrit
35-45 mmHg
PaCO2
- Water intoxication (excess extracellular water)
- Excess Intake
- Excess ADH
- Tumors, Endocrine Disorders
Hyponatremia Causes
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
Potassium
8.4-10.4 mg/dL
Calcium
- Hemodialysis
- Blood Transfusions
- Chronic Renal Disease
- Hepatic Cirrhosis (Alcoholism)
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Malabsorption Syndromes
- Severe burn
- Excess Loss of Body Fluid
Hypomagnesemia Causes
pH
7.35-7.45
Hypercalcemia Symptoms
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Mental Confusion
- Nausea/vomiting
- Increased Urination
- Occasional Cardiac Arrhythmias
- Often symptomless until very high levels.
- Muscle Weakness
- Arrhythmias
- ECG Changes
- Tall T wave
- Prolonged P-R interval/QRS duration
Hyperkalemia Symptoms
Magnesium
1.8-2.4 mg/dL
90-100 mmHg
PaO2
Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
- Excess Vomiting
- Excess Diuretics
- Hypokalemia
- Peptic Ulcer
- Excessive Intake of Antacids
Hematocrit
Male: 45%-52% Female: 37%-48%
- Renal Failure
- Diabetic Acidosis
- Hypothyroidism
- Addison’s Disease
- Dehydration
- Use of Antacids
Hypermagnesemia Causes
Hyperkalemia Symptoms
- Often symptomless until very high levels.
- Muscle Weakness
- Arrhythmias
- ECG Changes
- Tall T wave
- Prolonged P-R interval/QRS duration
Hypokalemia Causes
- Deficient Potassium
- Excessive Loss due to Diarrhea/Vomiting
- Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis
- Renal Tubular Disease
- Excess Vomiting
- Excess Diuretics
- Hypokalemia
- Peptic Ulcer
- Excessive Intake of Antacids
Metabolic Alkalosis Causes
- Hypoventilation
- Drugs/Oversedation
- Chronic Pulmonary Disease
- Emphysema, Asthma, Bronchitis, Pneumonia
- Hypermetabolism
- Sepsis
- Burns
Respiratory Acidosis Causes
- Tachypnea
- Dizziness
- Anxiety
- Difficulty Concentration
- Numbness/Tingling
- Blurred Vision
- Diaphoresis
- Muscles Cramps/Twitching/Tetany
- Weakness
- Arrhythmias
- Convulsions
Respiratory Alkalosis Symptoms
Hypermagnesemia Causes
- Renal Failure
- Diabetic Acidosis
- Hypothyroidism
- Addison’s Disease
- Dehydration
- Use of Antacids
PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Tumors
- Vitamin A Intoxication
Hypercalcemia Causes
- Circulatory Congestion
- Pitting Edema
- Excessive Weight Gain
- Pulmonary Edema
- Dyspnea
- Hypertension
- Tachycardia
- Agitation
- Restlessness
- Convulsions
Hypernatremia Symptoms
Respiratory Alkalosis Symptoms
- Tachypnea
- Dizziness
- Anxiety
- Difficulty Concentration
- Numbness/Tingling
- Blurred Vision
- Diaphoresis
- Muscles Cramps/Twitching/Tetany
- Weakness
- Arrhythmias
- Convulsions
1.8-2.4 mg/dL
Magnesium
PaO2
90-100 mmHg
White Blood Cells
4,300-10,800 cells/mm3
- Deficient Potassium
- Excessive Loss due to Diarrhea/Vomiting
- Metabolic Acidosis/Alkalosis
- Renal Tubular Disease
Hypokalemia Causes
Hypernatremia Symptoms
- Circulatory Congestion
- Pitting Edema
- Excessive Weight Gain
- Pulmonary Edema
- Dyspnea
- Hypertension
- Tachycardia
- Agitation
- Restlessness
- Convulsions
Metabolic Alkalosis Symptoms
- Hypoventilation (compensatory)
- Depressed Respirations
- Dysrhythmias
- Prolonged
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Weakness
- Muscle Twitching
- Irritability
- Agitation
- Convulsions
- Coma/Death
4,300-10,800 cells/mm3
White Blood Cells
Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms
- Dyspnea
- Hyperventilation
- Cyanosis
- Restlessness
- Headache
- Disorientation
- Stupor,
- Coma/Death
- Hyperventilation (Compensatory)
- Deep Respirations
- Weakness
- Muscular Twitching
- Malaise
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Dry skin/Mucous Membranes
- Poor Skin Turgor
Metabolic Acidosis Symptoms
Hypocalcemia Causes
- Reduced Albumin Levels
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Malabsorption of Calcium/Vitamin D
- Alkalosis
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Vitamin D deficiency
Hyponatremia Causes
- Water intoxication (excess extracellular water)
- Excess Intake
- Excess ADH
- Tumors, Endocrine Disorders
Hyponatremia Symptoms
- Confusion
- Decreased Mental Alertness
- Convulsions
- Signs of Increased Intracerebral Pressure
- Poor Motor Coordination
- Sleepiness
- Anorexia.
- Diabetes
- Renal Insufficiency/Failure
- Diarrhea
Metabolic Acidosis Causes
- Inadequate Secretion with Acute Renal Failure
- Kidney disease
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- SLE
Hyperkalemia Causes
Metabolic Acidosis Symptoms
- Hyperventilation (Compensatory)
- Deep Respirations
- Weakness
- Muscular Twitching
- Malaise
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Dry skin/Mucous Membranes
- Poor Skin Turgor
150,000-450,000 cells/mm3
Platelet Count
Hypermagnesemia Symptoms
- Hyporeflexia
- Muscle Weakness
- Drowsiness
- Lethargy
- Confusion
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Occurs with water deficits (not salt excesses)
Hypernatremia Causes
Hypomagnesemia Symptoms
- Hyperirritability
- Confusion
- Leg/Foot Cramps
- Increased Inracellular Calcium Levels
- Ventricular Arrhythmias
- Vasospasm
- Sudden Death
- Dyspnea
- Hyperventilation
- Cyanosis
- Restlessness
- Headache
- Disorientation
- Stupor,
- Coma/Death
Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Mental Confusion
- Nausea/vomiting
- Increased Urination
- Occasional Cardiac Arrhythmias
Hypercalcemia Symptoms
Hypomagnesemia Causes
- Hemodialysis
- Blood Transfusions
- Chronic Renal Disease
- Hepatic Cirrhosis (Alcoholism)
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Malabsorption Syndromes
- Severe burn
- Excess Loss of Body Fluid
- Hyporeflexia
- Muscle Weakness
- Drowsiness
- Lethargy
- Confusion
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
Hypermagnesemia Symptoms
- Hyperirritability
- Confusion
- Leg/Foot Cramps
Hypomagnesemia Symptoms
Hypercalcemia Causes
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Tumors
- Vitamin A Intoxication