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Immunology and Serology [LAB] > Laboratory Activity 17 – Determination of Anti-HIV 1/2 > Flashcards

Laboratory Activity 17 – Determination of Anti-HIV 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

(AIDS); human retrovirus

A

HIV-1 and 2

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2
Q

(+) ss-RNA

A

Retroviruses

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3
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

Retroviruses

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4
Q

This enzyme enables the virus to convert viral RNA to DNA in contrast to the normal process of transcription, where DNA is converted to RNA

A

reverse transcriptase

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5
Q

HIV infects

A

CD4+ T cells
macrophages
dendritic cells

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6
Q

HIV Mode of Transmission

A

Sexual contact
Mother to infant
Needle sharing by drug users
Blood or blood product transfusion Transplantation of tissues or organs
Contact with contaminated blood/body fluids

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7
Q

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III)

Lymphadenopathyassociated virus (LAV)

AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV)

A

HIV-1

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8
Q

Endemic in West Africa; less pathogenic and has a lower rate of transmission

A

HIV-2

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9
Q

Group-specific antigen

A

gag

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10
Q

Polymerase

A

pol

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11
Q

Envelope

A

env

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12
Q

Transactivator

A

tat

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13
Q

Regulator of viral expression

A

rev

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14
Q

Viral infectivity

A

vif

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15
Q

Viral protein R

A

vpr

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16
Q

Viral protein U

A

vpu

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17
Q

Negative-regulation factor

A

nef

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18
Q

Core proteins and matrix proteins

A

gag

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19
Q

Reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase enzymes

A

pol

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20
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins

A

env

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21
Q

Positive regulator of transcription

A

tat

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22
Q

Allows export of unspliced and partially spliced transcripts from the nucleus

A

rev

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23
Q

Affects particle infectivity

A

vif

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24
Q

Transport of DNA to the nucleus; augments virion
roduction; arrests cell cycle

A

vpr

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25
Q

Promotes intracellular degradation of CD4 and
nhances the release of virus from the cell membrane

A

vpu

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26
Q

Augments viral replication in vivo and in vitro; down- regulates CD4 and MHC class II

A

nef

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27
Q

codes for gp160/120 and gp41

A

HSV 1

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28
Q

codes for gp140 and gp34

A

HSV 2

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29
Q

codes for p 55 → p15, p17, and p24
Note: sor codes for p24

A

HSV 1

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30
Q

codes for p26

A

HSV 2

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31
Q

Transcribes RNA to DNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

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32
Q

inserts viral DNA to host cell’s DNA

A

Integrase

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33
Q

cleaves structural protein

A

RNase and Protease

34
Q

May last from many months to years

A

Primary stage

35
Q

also known as AIDS-related complex (ARC)

A

Intermediate stage

36
Q

Infected persons may experience an initial lu-like illness, and then remain symptomatic or exhibit only chronic ymphadenopathy for many years.

A

Primary stage

37
Q

There are physical symptoms, but no opportunistic infections

A

Intermediate stage

38
Q

is usually seen within 2 to 10 years after initial infection with the HIV

A

Final stage

39
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections

A

Pneumonia

40
Q

oral candidiasis; thrush

A

Candida albicans

41
Q

diarrhea and weight loss

A

Cryptosporidia and microsporidia

42
Q

Enteric bacterial infection

A

Salmonella and Campylobacter

43
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

cysts in the brain

44
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

meningitis

45
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

inflammation of retina, brain and spinal cord

46
Q

multi-focal tumor of endothelial cells

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

47
Q

The CD4:CD8 ratio

A

reduced from normal

48
Q

CD4-positive T-cell counts

A

decreased

49
Q

CD4-positive T-cell function

A

impaired

50
Q

B-cell activation

A

abnormal

51
Q

Macrophage function

A

impaired

52
Q

NK cell function

A

impaired

53
Q

Viral antigen is coated on a solid support → patient serum added → after incubation and washing, enzyme-labeled antihuman globulin (AHG) is added followed by substrate

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

54
Q

HIV antigen is adsorbed onto carrier particles → the particles agglutinate in the presence of antibody

A

Slide agglutination test

55
Q

Anti-HIV bound to a solid support is incubated with serum → after washing, enzyme-labeled anti-HIV-1 is added followed by substrate

A

p24 antigen test (HIV-1 Ag)

56
Q

p24 antigen precedes antibody by several weeks; positives must be confirmed by neutralization assay

A

p24 antigen test (HIV-1 Ag)

57
Q

a. Screening Tests

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Slide agglutination test
p24 antigen test (HIV-1 Ag)

58
Q

b. Confirmatory Tests

A

Western blot testing
Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)
Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA)

59
Q

A lysate of HIV antigen is separated into components by electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose paper → the resulting blot is cut into strips and reacted with serum → labeled antihuman globulin is added

A

Western blot testing

60
Q

HIV infection is indicated by reactivity in two (2) of the following bands:

A
61
Q

o Antibody test: Serum is incubated with virally infected cells on a glass slide → fluorescence-labeled antihuman globulin is added

A
62
Q

o Antigen test: Patient cells are fixed to a slide and incubated with HIV-specific antiserum

A

Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)

63
Q

Employs a soluble second antibody to precipitate the bound antigen

A

Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA)

64
Q

o IgM antibody against the p24 core protein usually develops within [?] after infection

A

6 to 8 weeks

65
Q

o Within weeks, IgG antibodies against p24 appear, as do antibodies against [?] (i.e., gp160, gp120, gp41) and [?] (i.e., p31, p51, p66)

A

envelope gene products
polymerase gene products

66
Q

o The HIV isolation technique can detect antigens before antibodies develop and can be used to monitor antiviral treatment

A
67
Q

• The patient’s monocytes are stimulated and grown in culture ® the culture supernatant can be tested for the presence of antigens

A
68
Q

• A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be performed on plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and culture fluids to detect the presence of HIV antigens

A
69
Q

• Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) can be used to detect HIV antigens

A
70
Q

• Virus grown on culture

A
71
Q

• Expensive, time-consuming and hazardous; not routinely performed

A
72
Q

can be used to detect viral RNA

A

In situ hybridization and filter, hybridization

73
Q

o Cells from peripheral blood and lymph nodes can be used

A

In situ hybridization and filter, hybridization

74
Q

can be used to detect viral DNA in infected cells

A

Southern blot hybridization

75
Q

can be used to amplify both RNA and DNA, which provides extremely sensitive systems for RNA and DNA detection

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques

76
Q

o Viral DNA from infected cells is amplified, then identified using labeled probes

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques

77
Q

o Extremely sensitive technique

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques

78
Q

Tests to Stage and Monitor HIV

A

• CD4 T cell count
• HIV-1 viral load assay

79
Q

o Purposes: Used to predict disease progression, determine when to start antiretroviral therapy, monitor response to therapy

A

Tests to Stage and Monitor HIV

80
Q

o Test 2-8 weeks after the start of therapy and then every 3-4 months (the same assay should be used to assess changes)

A

Tests to Stage and Monitor HIV

81
Q

Tests to Stage and Monitor HIV

o Methods include:

A

• Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
• Branched DNA (bDNA)
• Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)

Immunology and Serology [LAB] (16 decks)

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