Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 4 > Lachmans TEST REVIEW (PERSONAL Back/Thorax) Part 1 > Flashcards

Lachmans TEST REVIEW (PERSONAL Back/Thorax) Part 1 Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why is the spinal cord not subject to injury from disk herniation below L2?

A

Because the spinal cord ends at L2; below that level is the cauda equina in the subarachnoid space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What anatomical structures are found within the subarachnoid space below L2?

A

Cauda equina and filum terminale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cauda equina made of?

A

Dorsal and ventral nerve roots that extend down from the lumbar and sacral segments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What spinal roots form the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What physical maneuver stretches the sciatic nerve and may cause pain in nerve root compression?

A

Raising the extended leg in the lateral position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Through which anatomical landmarks does the sciatic nerve pass in the thigh?

A

Between the greater trochanter and the ischial tuberosity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three ligaments pierced during a midline lumbar puncture (LP)?

A

Supraspinous, interspinous, and ligamentum flavum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the epidural space extend from and to?

A

From the foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is CSF accessed and evaluated?

A

By piercing into the subarachnoid space and analyzing clearness, color, cell count, and protein levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A herniated disk at L1/L2 affects which spinal nerve and what are the motor and sensory findings?

A

Spinal Nerve Affected: L2

Motor Finding: Weakness of hip flexors

Sensory Disturbance: Groin and anterior thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of a herniated disk at L2/L3?

A

Spinal Nerve Affected: L3

Motor Finding: Weakness of knee extensors

Sensory Disturbance: Anteromedial thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which spinal nerve is affected by an L3/L4 herniated disk, and what deficits are seen?

A

Spinal Nerve Affected: L4

Motor Finding: Weakness of ankle dorsiflexors

Sensory Disturbance: Anterior leg and medial foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the findings in an L4/L5 disk herniation?

A

Spinal Nerve Affected: L5

Motor Finding: Weakness of big toe extensor

Sensory Disturbance: Dorsum of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the findings of a herniated disk at L5/S1.

A

Spinal Nerve Affected: S1

Motor Finding: Weakness of ankle plantar flexors

Sensory Disturbance: Lateral foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structures form the walls of the axilla?

A

Anterior wall: Pectoralis major and minor

Posterior wall: Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi

Medial wall: Serratus anterior

Lateral wall: Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What passes through the axilla?

A

Contents: NAVL — Nerve (brachial plexus), Artery (axillary), Vein (axillary), and Lymph nodes

Lymph drainage regions: Anterior/posterior chest wall, scapular region, upper limb

Drainage path: Subclavian trunk → Thoracic duct (left) or Lymphatic duct (right)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the five groups of axillary lymph nodes and their drainage areas.

A

Anterior nodes: Drain anterior chest wall and breast

Posterior nodes: Drain posterior chest wall

Lateral nodes: Drain upper limb

Central & Apical nodes: Receive drainage from the above 3 groups

Efferent drainage from apical nodes: Into subclavian trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which lymph nodes are commonly involved in breast cancer spread?

A

Anterior, central, and apical nodes

Supraclavicular nodes may also receive drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND) and its boundaries?

A

ALND: Surgical removal of all nodal tissue in the axilla

Boundaries:

Superiorly: Axillary vein

Inferolaterally: Latissimus dorsi

Medially: Pectoralis minor

Posteriorly: Subscapularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are accessory lymphatic channels and their clinical significance?

A

Connect to: Parasternal nodes

Allow: Direct metastasis to the contralateral breast

Obstruction risk: May reverse flow and involve nodes in atypical areas (e.g., inguinal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which nerves are vulnerable during axillary lymph node dissection?

A

Long thoracic nerve (C5–C7): Innervates serratus anterior

Thoracodorsal nerve (posterior cord): Innervates latissimus dorsi

Intercostobrachial nerve (branch of 2nd intercostal): Sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the upper pharynx consist of, and what happens at the C4 level?

A

Upper pharynx (naso- and oropharynx): Shared aerodigestive pathway

At C4: Bifurcates into the larynx (airway) and laryngopharynx (digestive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What structures form at the C6 level?

A

Laryngopharynx continues as the esophagus

Larynx continues as the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
At what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate, and what are the differences between the R and L bronchi?
Bifurcation level: T4 Right main bronchus: More vertical and wider — more prone to aspiration Left main bronchus: More horizontal and narrower
26
How many lobar and segmental bronchi are there in each lung?
Right lung: 3 lobar bronchi (upper, middle, lower) Left lung: 2 lobar bronchi (upper, lower) Each lung: 10 segmental bronchi Each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment, separated by connective tissue septa
27
What is the path of food that triggers the cough reflex?
Food may enter the aditus of the larynx Travels into: Vestibule → Ventricle → Infraglottic space
28
hat nerve initiates the cough reflex, and what sequence of events follows?
Nerve: Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve Sequence: Glottis closes Abdominal muscles contract Diaphragm relaxes Intrathoracic pressure increases Pressure builds in the infraglottic space Glottis bursts open → expels the foreign body
29
What muscles move the bolus from mouth to oropharynx, and their innervation?
Palatoglossus – Vagus nerve (CN X) Hyoglossus – Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Styloglossus – Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
30
Which muscles elevate the pharynx during swallowing, and how are they innervated?
Palatopharyngeus – Vagus nerve (CN X) Salpingopharyngeus – Vagus nerve (CN X) Stylopharyngeus – Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
31
Which muscles occlude the nasopharynx by lifting the soft palate, and their innervation?
Levator palati – Vagus nerve (CN X) Tensor palati – Trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
32
What muscle occludes the oral cavity during swallowing, and its innervation?
Palatoglossus – Vagus nerve (CN X)
33
Which muscles constrict the pharynx, and what nerve innervates them?
Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors – Vagus nerve (CN X)
34
What muscles close the glottis by adducting the vocal folds, and how are they innervated?
Lateral cricoarytenoid Interarytenoid → Both are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the Vagus nerve (CN X)
35
What muscle obstructs the laryngeal aditus using the epiglottis, and its innervation?
Aryepiglotticus – Vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal branch)
36
When does the embryonic heart tube form and where is it located?
Week 4: The embryonic heart tube forms as a midline structure.
37
What major heart developments occur during weeks 5–6 of embryonic development?
Ventricular septation: Division of ventricles into left and right Truncus arteriosus division: Forms ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk via the aorticopulmonary septum
38
What is the developmental error in Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)?
Cause: Dextropositioning (rightward displacement) of the aorticopulmonary septum Effect: Pulmonary stenosis (narrow trunk) Overriding aorta (receives blood from both ventricles) Right ventricular hypertrophy (due to pressure overload) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
39
How does blood flow in Tetralogy of Fallot cause cyanosis?
Pulmonary stenosis increases right ventricular pressure Causes right-to-left shunt through the VSD into the overriding aorta Deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation, resulting in cyanosis
40
Why does squatting reduce cyanosis in children with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Squatting increases peripheral arterial resistance This raises left ventricular pressure, reducing the right-to-left shunt Result: More blood flows into the lungs → improved oxygenation
41
What is the only site of attachment between the lung and other thoracic structures?
The root of the lung, which passes through the hilum.
42
What is the hilum of the lung, and what bounds it?
Hilum: Entryway to the lung Bounded by: Reflection of the pleurae Pleural continuity: Visceral pleura becomes mediastinal parietal pleura, fused to the fibrous pericardium
43
Describe the positional relationships of structures in the root of the lung. (Right Lung)
Most inferior: Inferior pulmonary vein Most anterior: Superior pulmonary vein Most posterior: Bronchus Right lung: Pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus
44
Describe the positional relationships of structures in the root of the lung. (Left Lung)
Most inferior: Inferior pulmonary vein Most anterior: Superior pulmonary vein Most posterior: Bronchus Left lung: Pulmonary artery is most superior
45
What is the blood supply and venous drainage for the lung tissue itself? (Right Lung)
Bronchial arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to lung cells Bronchial veins: Drain into azygos vein (right lung)
46
What is the blood supply and venous drainage for the lung tissue itself? (Left Lung)
Bronchial arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to lung cells Bronchial veins: Drain into hemiazygos vein (left lung)
47
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the lung?
Sympathetic fibers: To glandular cells and vascular smooth muscle Parasympathetic fibers (vagus n.): To bronchial and bronchiolar smooth muscle Visceral afferents: Also branches of the vagus nerve
48
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Lymph drains from: Visceral pleura Lung parenchyma Connective tissue septa Bronchial wallsDescribe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
49
Describe the Drainage pathway of the lungs. (Left)
Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes Tracheobronchial lymph nodes (at tracheal bifurcation) Paratracheal lymph nodes Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Left side: Thoracic duct
50
Describe the Drainage pathway of the lungs. (Right)
Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes Tracheobronchial lymph nodes (at tracheal bifurcation) Paratracheal lymph nodes Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Right side: Right lymphatic duct or directly to subclavian/internal jugular vein
51
Where do pain stimuli in angina pectoris originate?
From free nerve endings in the cardiac connective tissue.
52
To which spinal levels is cardiac pain typically referred?
C8-T5
53
Name some atypical areas where cardiac pain may be referred.
Side of the neck, ear, lower jaw, or back of the chest
54
Which dermatomes correspond to the referred pain areas in angina pectoris?
Medial side of the upper limb and chest wall.
55
What areas does the Right Coronary Artery (RCA) supply?
Right atrium, right ventricle, and interatrial septum
56
What areas does the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) supply?
Left atrium and left ventricle.
57
Which part of the heart do both the RCA and LCA supply?
The interventricular septum.
58
What are papillary muscles and where are they located?
Bundles of cardiac muscle projecting from the ventricular wall into the lumen of the right or left ventricle.
59
How do papillary muscles function in heart valve mechanics?
They are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves by chordae tendinae and control valve closure during systole, preventing prolapse into the atria.
60
What defines an end artery?
An artery that does not anastomose with others; obstruction causes necrosis (infarct).
61
Are coronary arteries true end arteries? Why or why not?
No, because there are anastomoses between the left and right coronary arteries.
62
Where are common sites of anastomosis between coronary arteries?
Coronary sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus, and interventricular septum.
63
Which arteries anastomose within the coronary sulcus?
Right coronary artery (RCA) and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery (LCA).
64
Which arteries anastomose at the posterior interventricular sulcus?
Left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the posterior interventricular artery (branch of the RCA).
65
What determines coronary artery dominance?
The coronary artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery.
66
What does co-dominance in coronary arteries mean and how common is it?
Both RCA and LCA contribute to the posterior interventricular artery; occurs in about 20% of people. Right is most common
67
How does collateral circulation function in the heart?
Through anastomoses between the anterior and posterior interventricular arteries, allowing alternate routes of blood flow.
68

Year 4 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions