Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 4 > Lachmans TEST REVIEW (PERSONAL Upper Limb) > Flashcards

Lachmans TEST REVIEW (PERSONAL Upper Limb) Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the ligaments anchoring the clavicle medially?

A

Costoclavicular Ligament

Anterior and Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligaments

Articular Disk (attached to clavicle above and 1st costal cartilage below)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structures anchor the clavicle laterally?

A

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint (clavicle to scapula)

Coracoclavicular Ligament (includes conoid and trapezoid ligaments)

AC Ligament helps protect AC joint integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the AC and Coracoclavicular ligaments?

A

Prevent the acromion from being driven under the clavicle, maintaining AC joint integrity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does dislocation of the AC joint cause?

A

Shoulder separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What muscle causes upward tilt of the medial fragment in clavicular fracture?

A

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes the lateral fragment of a fractured clavicle to displace downward?

A

Weight of the arm

Action of the deltoid muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi affect a fractured clavicle?

A

Adduct the arm and decrease the distance between the acromion and midline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does the arm medially rotate after clavicular fracture?

A

Medial rotators (pec major, subscapularis, teres major, lats) are stronger than lateral rotators (infraspinatus, teres minor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the subclavius muscle in clavicular fracture?

A

Connects the clavicle to the 1st rib and protects subclavian vessels and the brachial plexus from bony fragments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which dermatomes are involved in sensory innervation of the opponens pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis?

A

C8–T1 via the median nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the opponens pollicis?

A

Advances the thumb across the palm in an arc and rotates it so that the palmar surfaces of the thumb and little finger touch (thumb opposition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the abductor pollicis brevis?

A

Pulls the thumb away from the palm in a plane at right angles to the palm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do the brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through in the neck?

A

Scalene Triangle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the boundaries of the scalene triangle?

A

Anterior: Anterior scalene

Posterior: Middle scalene

Inferior: 1st rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens when the size of the scalene triangle decreases?

A

Compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the subclavian vein pass in relation to the scalene triangle?

A

Anterior to the anterior scalene (i.e., not inside the scalene triangle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which structures are the most inferior in the scalene triangle?

A

The inferior trunk of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the subclavian artery supply?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Anterior thorax (breast and anterior abdominal wall)

Fingers

Vertebral column

Thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the right subclavian artery arise from?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk behind the sternoclavicular joint, arches upward and laterally, above the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the left subclavian artery arise from and how is it different?

A

Arises directly from the arch of the aorta

Ascends through the superior mediastinum into the supraclavicular fossa

It is longer and more commonly affected (>70%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Through what structures does the vertebral artery course?

A

Transverse foramina of C1–C6

Dura of spinal canal

Foramen magnum, then joins the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the largest branch of the basilar artery?

A

PICA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the sources of arterial anastomoses for the vertebral artery?

A

Contralateral vertebral artery

Ipsilateral occipital artery

Ipsilateral external carotid artery

Thyrocervical and costocervical trunks

Ipsilateral internal thoracic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where can the ulnar artery pulse be palpated?

A

Superficial to the flexor retinaculum, radial to the pisiform

Lies lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris (pisiform is a sesamoid bone in this tendon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where is the radial artery pulse best felt?
Lateral side of the distal forearm, lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis
26
What does the absence of both radial and ulnar pulses suggest?
Occlusion of the brachial artery proximal to its bifurcation
27
Where does the brachial artery begin and what are its major branches around the elbow?
continuation of the axillary artery (after it passes the inferior border of teres major) Gives rise to superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries
28
With which arteries do the ulnar collaterals anastomose?
Superior & inferior ulnar collateral arteries anastomose with the anterior & posterior ulnar recurrent arteries (from ulnar a.)
29
What artery accompanies the radial nerve and branches off the brachial artery?
Profunda brachii (deep brachial) artery
30
What are the branches of the profunda brachii and their anastomoses?
Radial collateral artery → anastomoses with radial recurrent artery (from radial a.) Middle collateral artery → anastomoses with interosseous recurrent artery (from ulnar a.)
31
From where is the median nerve derived?
Lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus
32
Which forearm muscles are not innervated by the median nerve?
Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar half)
33
What are the main motor actions of muscles innervated by the median nerve?
Pronation of the forearm Flexion of the wrist Flexion of the digits
34
What does the median nerve innervate in the hand?
Thenar muscles 1st and 2nd lumbricals Sensory to lateral 3½ digits on the palmar surface
35
Why do sensory symptoms typically appear before motor deficits in median nerve compression?
Sensory fibers are more susceptible to compression, leading to earlier symptoms
36
What are the two main categories of veins?
Superficial veins: in the superficial fascia, not accompanied by arteries, drain into deep veins Deep veins: located deep to the deep fascia
37
Name examples of superficial veins in different body regions.
Upper limb: Cephalic & Basilic Lower limb: Long (great) & Short (small) Saphenous Neck: External & Anterior Jugular Abdomen: Thoracoepigastric
38
What is the course and drainage of the cephalic vein?
Arises from the lateral dorsal venous network of the hand Travels through the deltopectoral groove and triangle, pierces the clavipectoral fascia Drains into the axillary vein
39
What is the course of the basilic vein?
Arises from medial dorsal venous network of the hand Ascends anteromedial forearm, pierces deep fascia in the arm Joins brachial vein to form the axillary vein
40
What is the median cubital vein, and where is it located?
Communication between cephalic and basilic veins Crosses the cubital fossa obliquely Lies lateral to the biceps brachii tendon
41
What lies medial to the biceps brachii in the cubital fossa?
Brachial artery Median nerve (both deep to the bicipital aponeurosis)
42
What is the course of the long (great) saphenous vein?
Arises from medial dorsal venous arch Ascends anteromedially, enters the saphenous hiatus Drains into the femoral vein via the femoral triangle
43
What is the path of the short (small) saphenous vein?
Arises from lateral dorsal venous arch Ascends posterolaterally, pierces crural fascia Drains into the popliteal vein
44
What is the role of valves in saphenous veins?
Reduce hydrostatic pressure in upright posture Prevent backflow and pooling Valve failure can cause varicose veins
45
What do perforating veins and deep veins do?
Perforating veins: allow flow from superficial to deep Deep veins: use a musculovenous pump to assist venous return
46
What forms the external jugular vein and where does it drain?
Formed by posterior auricular vein + branch of retromandibular vein Descends superficially on SCM, drains into subclavian vein
47
Where does the anterior jugular vein drain?
Drains into external jugular vein or directly into subclavian vein Jugular venous arch connects the R and L anterior jugular veins
48
What visible sign might indicate raised central venous pressure?
Engorgement of the external jugular vein
49
Where do thoracoepigastric veins drain and what are their clinical connections?
Drain inferiorly into femoral vein via superficial epigastric and circumflex iliac veins Anastomose superiorly with axillary vein tributaries Form part of the SVC-IVC anastomosis Connected to portal venous system via paraumbilical veins
50
What condition causes thoracoepigastric vein enlargement?
Portal hypertension, due to backflow from the portal to systemic venous systems
51
What is the proximal row of carpal bones (lateral to medial)?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum
52
What is the distal row of carpal bones (lateral to medial)?
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
53
What type of bone is the pisiform, and where is it located?
A sesamoid bone in the tendon of the flexor digitorum ulnaris Lies on the anterior surface of the triquetrum
54
What bones does the scaphoid articulate with?
Distally: with the trapezium (which articulates with the 1st metacarpal) Proximally: with the radius
55
Where is the scaphoid located anatomically for physical examination?
Lies in the floor of the anatomical snuffbox Bordered by the extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons
56
What artery supplies the scaphoid, and which part has the best blood supply?
Supplied by branches of the radial artery Distal pole: good blood supply Proximal pole: poor supply
57
Which nerve fibers are more affected in sensory deficiencies: large myelinated or small unmyelinated?
Large, myelinated fibers (for voluntary muscle control and tactile discrimination) are more affected than small, unmyelinated fibers (which carry pain).
58
What motor deficits result from carpal tunnel syndrome?
Loss of motor function of the abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis.
59
What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel and where does it attach?
The flexor retinaculum Laterally: attaches to the scaphoid and trapezium Medially: attaches to the pisiform and hook of hamate
60
What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?
Tendon of flexor pollicis longus (with radial bursa) Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis & profundus (with ulnar bursa) Median nerve
61
Which structures pass superficial to the flexor retinaculum and must be protected during surgery?
Ulnar artery, superficial branch of the radial artery (they form the superficial palmar arch) Superficial branch of the ulnar nerve Recurrent motor branch of the median nerve
62
Where is the ulnar nerve commonly entrapped?
At the wrist (between the pisiform & hook of hamate) In the ulnar groove behind the medial epicondyle
63
Which nerve can be compressed as it passes through the supinator muscle?
The posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve
64
Where can the suprascapular nerve become entrapped?
Between the transverse scapular ligament and the scapular notch
65
What other peripheral nerves are susceptible to entrapment?
Common fibular nerve, superficial fibular nerve, and the tibial nerve (beneath the flexor retinaculum)
66

Year 4 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions