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Psycholinguistics > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

arbitrary symbol system that is socially agreed upon and is rule governed
can be spoken, written or manual symbol system

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2
Q

human capacity for language

A

intrinsic

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3
Q

intrinsic language

A

acquired with universal regularity
occurs very early developmentally
despite most environments

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4
Q

specialization for language

A

speech organs
speech breathing
specialized brain areas

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5
Q

speech organs

A

dual purpose of organs for survival and for producing sound of our language
tongue teeth lips soft palate nasal passages larynx

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6
Q

speech breathing

A

different set of muscles, lung pressure, changes in exhalation timing
inhalation/exhalation same amount of time

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7
Q

specialized brain areas

A

areas dedicated to language not seen in other species

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8
Q

iconic symbol

A

look or sound like what they represent; transparent; crunch, sizzle, buzz or manual signs of drink, fish etc.

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9
Q

arbitrary symbols

A

most words

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10
Q

communication

A

attempts expression and comprehension of some content using conventional means appropriately
shared activity
has goals and functions

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11
Q

goals and functions of communication

A

instrumental
gain information
give information
regulatory
social-interpersonal
hypothesize/imagine/speculate
persuasion

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12
Q

linguistics

A

study of nature and use of language
descriptive

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13
Q

psycholinguistics

A

study of mental processes and representations involved in language comprehension and production
prescriptive

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14
Q

grammar

A

mental system that allows humans to form and interpret sounds, words and sentences of their language

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15
Q

grammar components

A

phonetics
phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics

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16
Q

phonetics

A

articulation and perception of phonemes

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17
Q

phonology

A

patterning and organization of phonemes

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18
Q

morphology

A

word formation

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19
Q

syntax

A

sentence formation

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20
Q

semantics

A

meaning of words and sentences

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21
Q

linguistic competence

A

knowledge of our language system
universality

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22
Q

linguistic performance

A

how we use this (particulars) knowledge in actual (observed behavior) speech/language production and comprehension

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23
Q

universality

A

shared by all languages

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24
Q

particulars

A

specific to given languages

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25
Q

fundamental claims of linguistics

A

generality
parity
mutability
inaccessibility
universality

26
Q

generality

A

all language have grammar

27
Q

parity

A

all grammars are equal

28
Q

mutability

A

all grammars change over time

29
Q

inaccessibility

A

grammar knowledge is subconscious

30
Q

universality (grammar)

A

all grammars have similarities

31
Q

dialect

A

language rule system of a group that varies from the rule system of an ideal standard
speech differences
language differences

32
Q

accent

A

characteristics of speech or variations in pronunciation
speech differences only

33
Q

register

A

situationally influenced language variation

34
Q

vernacular

A

informal intimate register

35
Q

regional dialect

A

based on geographic area
southern
new england
mid western

36
Q

social dialects

A

based on class, ethnicity. educational level, occupation, religion
African american English
Chinese American English

37
Q

combination of regional and social dialects

A

account for variations in language

38
Q

idiolect

A

individual dialect
perceived view of how we sound

39
Q

what alters idiolect

A

speech history
degree of speech control

40
Q

style switching

A

formal to informal
understanding of register

41
Q

code switching

A

from one language to another

42
Q

Incorrect: presence of dialect differences will result in

A

lack of verbal capacity
poor school performance
reflect decrease in ability to reason and logically

43
Q

theoretical approaches to dialects

A

deficit approach
socio-linguistic approach

44
Q

deficit approach

A

single ideal
other dialects inferior
simplistic, less developed

45
Q

socio-linguistic approach

A

all dialects are equal
have complex developed language rules

46
Q

bilingualism-bidialectism

A

fluent in 2 languages
uses 2 languages on daily basis
17% pop is bilingual

47
Q

2 strong bilingual areas

A

southern Florida (spanish/English)
quebec province (French/English)

48
Q

language socialization

A

process of integrating more than one language and culture

49
Q

pidgin

A

simplified language created when two groups do not share a language

50
Q

creole language

A

pidgin language becomes language of community
monosyntactic reduction

51
Q

creole vernacular language

A

developed because of contact between two groups with unintelligible language

52
Q

mixed languages

A

clearly identifiable source languages
etymological split

53
Q

michif

A

500-700 native speakers
indigenous language of Metis in Canada, North Dakota
cree verbs, French nouns. cree verb forms, no reduction in morphosyntax

54
Q

simultaneous acquistion

A

2 languages prior to the age of 3
acquired at rate comparable to mono-lingual child
discrimination of 2 languages at 8 months instead of 1 like monolingual child

55
Q

language mixing

A

slow separation and increased awareness

56
Q

stages of simultaneous acquisition

A

2 separate lexical systems
2 lexical systems with same syntactic rules
lexical system and syntactic rules from each

57
Q

successive acquisition

A

1 language at home and 1 with peers usually in school
begin to learn English around 5, 3 if attend preschool
master comprehension before expression

58
Q

stages of successive acquisition

A

child uses L1 in L2 environment
non verbal stage- says little; working to comprehend
speaking - single words, short phrases, high frequency statements
English used creatively in conversation and in academics 3-5 yrs

59
Q

cross adoption

A

attrition L1 while learning L2
first language lost in 3-6 months
after 8-10 most must learn new sound system
lag behind in development of second language
after 2 yrs if adopted prior to 2 yo will have skills of monolingual children

60
Q

impact of bilingualism on cognition
superior ability

A

classification of objects
concept formation
creativity
memory
metalinguistic awareness
problem solving
role playing
science concepts
social sensitivity
comprehension of complex instructions

Psycholinguistics (15 decks)

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