Language

Question 1

What is language used for?

Answer 1

• To communicate with an audience

- receive both verbal and non-verbal feedback

Question 2

What are the 4 levels of speech?

Answer 2

• Semantic
• Syntactic
• Morphological (intonation)
• Phonological

Question 3

Which type of brain damage causes a) Broca’s aphasia and b) Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 3

a) inferior frontal gyrus

b) superior temporal gyrus

Question 4

What language development milestones are reached before 1 year of age?

Answer 4

Infants sensitive to both native and non-native language sounds
3 months - produce vowel-like sounds
8 months - detection of morphology
9 months - recognition of language-specific sound combinations
10 months - decrease in sensitivity to non-native

Question 5

When are first words typically acquired?

Answer 5

between 1 year and 18 months

Question 6

How does grammar emerge in children?

Answer 6

Imitate adult utterances, acquiring open words very rapidly and combining htem with pivot words to communicate meaning

Question 7

What 3 key processes of writing did Hayes & Flower identify?

Answer 7

• planning
• sentence-generation
• revision

Question 8

What 3 types of knowledge does planning rely upon?

Answer 8

• conceptual knowledge
• socio-cultural knowledge
• metacognitive knowledge

Question 9

How do expert writers differ from non-experts?

Answer 9

• More thorough use of planning
• More time dedicated to revision
• Focus on reader’s needs

Question 10

What 2 methods have been shown to improve writing expertise?

Answer 10

• Asked to “read as the reader”

- Asked to evaluate what they have written after each sentence

Question 11

What is Kellogg’s (2001) Working Memory Theory?

Answer 11

• All main writing processes rely upon the central executive
• Essay quality in children is predicted by the working memory
• Reaction times to signals greater when writing

Question 12

What are the weaknesses of the working memory theory?

Answer 12

• Does not say why planning, revising and sentence generation are so demanding
• How do the working memory components interact in writing

Question 13

Describe Goldberg & Rapp’s (2008) 2-route model

Answer 13

2 routes between hearing a word and spelling it: lexical (left) and non-lexical (right) which both use the graphemic buffer

Question 14

What explanations for phonological and surface dysgraphia does Goldberg & Rapp’s (2008) 2-route model provide?

Answer 14

phonological dysgraphia: issues with lexical route resulting in difficulty in spelling unfamiliar words
surface dysgraphia: issues with non-lexical route produce spellings which sound like the the relevant word, more accuracy with spelling regular words

Question 15

Why does evidence suggest the presence of only 1 orthographic lexicon?

Answer 15

• brain damage patients with reading difficulties also have spelling/writing difficulties
• the same brain areas are involved with reading and spelling (mid fusiform gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus)