laser

Question 1

what is laser

Answer 1

monochromatic , coherent and collimated light

once in tissue it refracts, diverges and reflects

ABSORBED

Question 2

monochromatic, cohert and collimated - whats most important

Answer 2

mono

Question 3

observed responses to laser

Answer 3

inc ATP production
inc collagen production
dec inflammation
dec bacterial growth

vasodilation
accelerated wound healing

Question 4

how does laser work

Answer 4

laser photons are absorbed by chormopores

Question 5

proposed therapeutic effects of laser

Answer 5

tissue healing

pain/inflam reduction

Question 6

chromophores

Answer 6

organic molecules that absorb light

Question 7

too much ROS signalling results in

Answer 7

cell apoptosis

Question 8

whats ROS signalling do

Answer 8

inc ca flow
cellular growth
MAPK activation

Question 9

LLLT ____ ROS in oxidative stressed cells and tissues

Answer 9

reduces

Question 10

LLT ____ levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 10

reduces

Question 11

MAPK pathways do what

Answer 11

+ca signalling

secretes growth factors

Question 12

Nitric oxide signalling does what

Answer 12

vasodilation
modulates inflammatory response
produces growth factors

Question 13

cellular response from laser

Answer 13

protein translation 
cell proliferation 
attachement 
survival 
dec inflam response

Question 14

how does laser reduce inflam

Answer 14

reduces levels of pro inflammatory cytokines in activated inflammatory cells

Question 15

T/F laser is an anti inflammatory

Answer 15

t

Question 16

how does laser help with pain

Answer 16

locally it reduces inflammation

centrally it releases endorphins if used over acupuncture point

Question 17

is laser shown to work better with acute or chronic pain

Answer 17

chronic

Question 18

does laser help with RA and OA

Answer 18

yes, more evidence of RA

Question 19

Class I-III laser MW amount

Answer 19

up to 500mW

Question 20

Class IV lasers produce

Answer 20

10-15W

Question 21

units for laser

Answer 21

J/point

joules per pint

Question 22

1 joule = watt/sec

Answer 22

1

Question 23

10mW applied for 100 s delivers how many joules

Answer 23

1

0.01W x 100s

Question 24

photoreceptors are what colour

Answer 24

blue and green

Question 25

laser ___ prostaglandin E2 concentration, ____ cycloxygenase in vitro, ____TNFa, ____ mitchondrial ATP

Answer 25

reduces inhibites reduces increases

Question 26

better evidence for management of ___ MSK than _____ pain

Answer 26

chronic | acute

Question 27

power equation

Answer 27

how many joules/sec = 1 watt

Question 28

energy density formula

Answer 28

Mw/cm x seconds = J

Question 29

power density equation

Answer 29

``` fixed for each device Mw/cm2, W for class 4 ```

Question 30

1W laser applied to 1 second = how many joules

Answer 30

1 becuase | joules = watts.second

Question 31

10mW applied for 100 s deliver hows many J

Answer 31

1 because mW, put it into decimal (.01W)

Question 32

key to energy density equations

Answer 32

use cm

Question 33

joules calcualtion

Answer 33

Watts x seconds

Question 34

total energy calcualtion

Answer 34

W x sec

Question 35

recommended way of recording dose is

Answer 35

joules per point

Question 36

1 depth of penetration

Answer 36

point where energy is reduced to 37% of original value (i.e 63% absorbed)

Question 37

T/F labs suggest 0.01 J/cm can alter cellular response

Answer 37

true

Question 38

t/F laser therapy typicalyly involved 4J/cm2 per treatment of surface

Answer 38

t

Question 39

decisions you make when applying laser

Answer 39

colour dose application technieu

Question 40

___ determines the depth of penetration

Answer 40

colour

Question 41

energy delivered formula

Answer 41

power x time | mW x s

Question 42

calculating laser dose

Answer 42

Joules / watts = seconds

Question 43

modes of application laser

Answer 43

``` contact (point, grid) non contact (scanning, grid) ```

Question 44

is contact or non contact better

Answer 44

contact

Question 45

should you cleanse the skin w alcohol before laser

Answer 45

yes or soap and water

Question 46

is eye protection needed for laser

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

contraindications for laser

Answer 47

``` eye malignancy back/ab of preg hemorrhage, vascular condition TB active bleeding disorder active DVT balls ```

Question 48

precautions for laser

Answer 48

infected areas epiphyseal plates anterior neck cognitive impairment

Question 49

safety guidelines for doing stillt

Answer 49

``` controlled area eye protection authorized only warning sign windows covered ```

Question 50

class IV laser differences

Answer 50

larger areas may be covered during short application some warmth greater depth still reseraching