Learning

Question 1

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

involuntary responses to stimuli
- controlled by nervous system circuits
- fast, reliable, inflexible

Answer 2

reflexes

Question 3

inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli
- more complex behaviors than reflexes
- once begun, they run to completion

Answer 3

instincts

Question 4

learning that involves changes in the magnitude of out responses to a stimulus

Answer 4

non associative learning

Question 5

what are the two major types of non-associative learning

Answer 5

habituation and sensitization

Question 6

a form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease
- typically occurs for milder stimuli
* decrease in response

Answer 6

habituation
“sensory adaptation”

Question 7

an increased to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus
- occurs after stronger stimuli
* hearing the same thing over and over again

Answer 7

sensitization

Question 8

the formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behaviors

Answer 8

associative learning

Question 9

what are the two major types of associative learning

Answer 9

classical and operant

Question 10

anything that elicits a response

Answer 10

stimulus

Question 11

the behavior that occurs in the presence of a stimulus

Answer 11

response

Question 12

a type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

Answer 12

classical conditioning

Question 13

pairing things together

Answer 13

conditioning

Question 14

has innate, built-in meaning; elicits a response without any prior experience

Answer 14

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 15

does not need to be learned; occurs as a response to a UCS without any prior experience

Answer 15

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 16

an environmental event whose significance is learned

Answer 16

conditions stimulus (CS)

Question 17

a response that is learned through classical conditioning

Answer 17

conditioned response (CR)

Question 18

the development of a learned response

Answer 18

acquisition

Question 19

the amount of time between the CS and the UCS is important
- the CS MUST occur before the UCS
- but not too much before

Answer 19

contiguity

Question 20

the signal should be reliable
- if the CS and the UCS always occur together, learning is
faster than if they only sometimes occur together

Answer 20

contingency

Question 21

the reduction of a learned response

Answer 21

extinction

Question 22

the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear from extinction after a period of time

Answer 22

spontaneous recovery

Question 23

a feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts the non-occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 23

inhibition

Question 24

learning occurs slower when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is familiar

Answer 24

latent inhibition

Question 25

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original stimulus

Answer 25

generalization

Question 26

a learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

Answer 26

discrimination

Question 27

learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit responses

Answer 27

higher order conditioning

Question 28

association between a phobic stimulus and fear are replaced by associations between a phobic stimulus and relaxation

Answer 28

systematic desensitization

Question 29

a type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes - the consequences of behavior determine whether or not it will be repeated

Answer 29

operant conditioning

Question 30

behaviors that are followed by something pleasant are more likely to be repeated and behaviors that are followed by something unpleasant are less likely to be repeated

Answer 30

Edward thorndike's law of effect

Question 31

a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior

Answer 31

reinforcement

Question 32

adding something desirable to increase the frequency of a behavior

Answer 32

positive reinforcement

Question 33

taking away something undesirable to increase the frequency of a behavior - escape of avoidance

Answer 33

negative reinforcement

Question 34

ex. I love chick fil a! when I get a good grade I treat myself to chick fil a

Answer 34

positive reinforcement

Question 35

you wake up and turn off your alarm clock so that the alarm stops beeping

Answer 35

negative reinforcement

Question 36

these are reinforcing for biological reasons - they play a role in survival Ex. food

Answer 36

primary reinforcers

Question 37

only become reinforcing through their association with other things we value Ex. money, praise, candy, gold star

Answer 37

conditioned reinforcers

Question 38

a consequence that decreases or reduces the frequency of behavior

Answer 38

punishment

Question 39

adding something undesirable or aversive to decrease behavior

Answer 39

positive punishment

Question 40

taking away something desirable to decrease behavior

Answer 40

negative punishment

Question 41

when you were a kid and would get in trouble so your parents gave you extra chores to do

Answer 41

positive punishment

Question 42

if you stay out past your curfew and your parents take your phone away

Answer 42

negative punishment

Question 43

a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity - increases the likelihood that the less-preferred activity will be completed - first/then statements - could be very different from person to person

Answer 43

premark principle

Question 44

reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs - good for teaching a behavior

Answer 44

continuous reinforcement

Question 45

reinforcing a desired behavior on some occasions, but not on others

Answer 45

partial reinforcement

Question 46

reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs

Answer 46

ratio schedule

Question 47

reinforcement depends on the passage of dome amount of time

Answer 47

interval schedule

Question 48

a schedule in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors

Answer 48

fixed ratio (FR) schedules

Question 49

a schedule in which reinforcement occurs following a variable number of behaviors

Answer 49

variable ratio (VR) schedules

Question 50

Starbucks rewards — buy 10 coffees, get 1 free

Answer 50

fixed ratio schedules

Question 51

slot machines at casinos

Answer 51

variable ratio schedules

Question 52

a schedule in which the first response following a set time interval in reinforces - numbers

Answer 52

fixed interval (FI) schedules

Question 53

a schedule in which the first response following a variable time interval is reinforced - time

Answer 53

variable interval (VI) schedules

Question 54

checking your cell phone to see if you have any text messages

Answer 54

variable interval schedule

Question 55

a child in a classroom is constantly out of his seat and create a system so that if he remains in his seat for five minutes he gets an M&M

Answer 55

fixed interval schedule

Question 56

a method of increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur - also known as shaping

Answer 56

method od successive apporimation

Question 57

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement

Answer 57

latent learning

Question 58

an application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors

Answer 58

token economy

Question 59

learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another; also known as social learning or modeling - similar to imitation

Answer 59

observational. learning

Question 60

copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously

Answer 60

imitation

Question 61

these are activated when performing a behavior and also when watching someone else perform a behavior - found in the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe of primate brains

Answer 61

mirror neurons