Memory

Question 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

how many steps is the memory process

Answer 2

three

Question 3

refers to acquiring and transforming information from one form to another

Answer 3

encoding

Question 4

the retention of information

Answer 4

storage

Question 5

the recovery of stored information – when you recall memory

Answer 5

retrieval

Question 6

info flows through a series of separate stages of memory

Answer 6

Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory

Question 7

holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time
- 1 second or less

Answer 7

sensory memory

Question 8

sensory memory
— iconic —

Answer 8

visual

Question 9

sensory memory
— echoic —

Answer 9

sound

Question 10

sensory memory
— haptic —

Answer 10

touch and other body senses

Question 11

holds a small amount of information for a limited times
- 30 seconds at most

Answer 11

short-term memory

Question 12

repetition of information in your short term memory

Answer 12

rehearsal

Question 13

the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together

Answer 13

chunking

Question 14

an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously

Answer 14

working memory

Question 15

the final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories
- few limitations to capacity or duration

Answer 15

long-term memory

Question 16

the depth (shallow or deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval

Answer 16

levels of processing theory

Question 17

simple repetition of material

Answer 17

maintenance rehersal

Question 18

linking new material to things you already knew

Answer 18

elaborative rehearsal

Question 19

more likely to recall info processed on a deep level

Answer 19

levels of processing theory

Question 20

meaningful associations between the concept you are studying and related concepts

Answer 20

elaboration

Question 21

you have to make clear contrasts between the concept you are studying and other concepts

Answer 21

distinctiveness

Question 22

relating concepts to you personal experience helps increase meaningfulness, elaboration and distinctiveness

Answer 22

personal

Question 23

practice recalling the information and using the information in the way that your teacher expects you to be able to do

Answer 23

appropriate retrieval and application

Question 24

the likelihood that an item on a word list will be remembered depends on its position in the lise

Answer 24

serial position effect

Question 25

better recall for first items on a list

Answer 25

primacy effect

Question 26

better recall for last items on a list

Answer 26

recency effect

Question 27

consciously retrieved memory that is easy to "declare" or discuss verbally - EXPLICIT

Answer 27

declarative memory

Question 28

associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Answer 28

semantic memory

Question 29

memory for personal experiences "episode of your life"

Answer 29

episodic memory

Question 30

includes semantic or episodic memories that reference the self

Answer 30

autobiographical memory

Question 31

unconscious effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize

Answer 31

nondeclaritive memory

Question 32

gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

Answer 32

procedural memory

Question 33

change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus

Answer 33

priming

Question 34

a connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences

Answer 34

spreading activation model

Question 35

a set of expectations about objects or situations

Answer 35

schema

Question 36

the recovery of stored information

Answer 36

retrieval

Question 37

any stimulus that helps you access target information

Answer 37

cue

Question 38

memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

Answer 38

encoding specificity

Question 39

better recall of info when you're in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Answer 39

context-dependent memory

Question 40

building a memory out of stored elements

Answer 40

reconstruction

Question 41

vivid and detailed memories of emotional events

Answer 41

flashbulb memories

Question 42

a decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory

Answer 42

forgetting

Question 43

a reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time

Answer 43

decay

Question 44

competition between newer and older information in memory

Answer 44

interference

Question 45

earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

Answer 45

proactive interference

Question 46

later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Answer 46

retroactive interference

Question 47

failure to retrieve negative memories

Answer 47

motivated forgetting

Question 48

confusion between real and imagined memories

Answer 48

confabulation