Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Introduction to Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

According to behaviorists, a relatively
permanent change in behavior that results from
experience

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

According to cognitive theorists, the process by
which organisms make relatively permanent
changes in the way they represent the
environment because of their experience

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a simple form of learning in which organisms
come to anticipate or associate events with one
another.

A

Classical Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a Russian psychologist, conducted research on the
digestion of dogs.

A

Ivan Pavlov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

any object or event that elicits a sensory or
behavioral response in an organism

A

Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of Stimulus

A

-Unconditioned stimulus
-Neutral Stimulus
-Conditioned Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.

A

Unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a stimulus that does not produce a response or reaction.

A

Neutral Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

A

Conditioned Stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how someone or something responds to a stimulus

A

Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of response

A

-unconditioned response
-conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

A

Extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

A

Spontaneous Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS higher-order

A

Discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

occurs when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with a new unconditioned stimulus.

A

Higher-order Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Applications of classical conditioning

A

-Taste Aversion
-CounterConditioning
-Flooding
-Systemic Desentization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.

A

Taste Aversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

an experiment to show evidences of classical conditioning in humans. It demonstrated that classical
conditioning could be used to create a phobia.

A

The Little Albert Experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism

A

Biologically Prepared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

A

Counter Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli
(CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

A

Flooding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a behavioral fearreduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

A

Systematic Desensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

-B.F. Skinner
-simple form of learning in which an organism
learns to engage in certain behavior because
of the effects of that behavior.
-kind of learning that applies to voluntary
behavior

A

Operant Conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
-Edward L. Thorndike -If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If an action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
The Law of Effect
26
-Project Pigeon: trained pigeons to guide armed missiles toward their targets -gave the learning of voluntary behavior a special name: operant conditioning
B.F Skinner
27
any event or stimulus, that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcement
28
-Any action or stimulus that makes it less probable for a response to happen again after it occurs. - lessens reaction strength.
Punishment
29
Types of Reinforcers
-Positive Reinforcers -Negative Reinforcers
30
increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.
Positive Reinforcers
31
increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed
Negative Reinforcers
32
satisfy basic biological needs
Primary Reinforcers
33
-gain reinforcing properties through previous association with primary reintorcers -also termed conditioned reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers
34
Applications of Operant Comditioning
-Biofeedback training -Shaping -Behaivior Modification -Programmed Learning
35
people receive reinforcement in the form of information.
Biofeedback training
36
-reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal. -Successive approximation means that a behavior is getting closer to the goal.
Shaping
37
Reinforcers are stimuli that lead to more frequent behavior, not just pleasurable experiences.
Behavior Modification
38
This approach assumes that any challenging work can be divided into manageable pieces, each of which can be immediately reinforced or rewarded for the learner.
Programmed Learning
39
a learning that is hidden/concealed
Latent Learning
40
showed that rats also learn about their environment in the absence of reinforcement.
E.C. Tolman
41
mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Cognitive Maps
42
the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.
Contingency Theory
43
Cognitive psychologist explained it in the terms of the ways in which stimuli provide information that allows organisms to form or revise mental representation of their environment.
Contingency Theory
44
argues that contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the CS provides information about the UCS.
Robert Rescorla
45
acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others rather than by means of direct experience.
Observational Learning
46
organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.
Model
47
neurons that fire when an animal observes the behavior of another and that tend to stimulate imitative behavior
Mirror Neurons
48
a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
Classical Conditioning
49
a simple unlearned response to a stimulus
reflex
50
an environmental condition that elicits a response
Stimulus
51
a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
52
An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditoned response ( UCR)
53
An unlearned response in which an organism attend to a stimulus
Orienting reflex
54
a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
55
a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
56
the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur (The learned responses are said to be extinguished.)
Extinction
57
the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
Spontaneous recovery
58
in conditioning, the tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned
Generalization
59
in conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS
Discrimination
60
a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a CS by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
higher-order conditioning
61
readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism
Biological preparedness
62
a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fearevoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities
Counterconditioning
63
a behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished
Flooding
64
a behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
Syntematic Desentization
65
Thorndike’s view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out
law of effect
66
to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response
Reinforce
67
Behaivior that operates on or manipulates, the environment
Operant behaivior
68
a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced
Operant conditioning
69
the same as an operant behavior
Operant
70
a reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant
Positive reinforcer
71
a reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant
Negative reinforcer
72
an unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning
Primary reinforcer
73
stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcer
74
Another term for a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
75
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available
Discriminative stimulus
76
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
continous reinforcement
77
one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced
Partial reinforcement
78
a schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Fixed interval schedule
79
a schedule in which a variable amount of time mus elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Variable-interval schedule
80
a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses
fixed ratio schedule
81
a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
Variable ratio schedule
82
a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior
Shaping
83
Behaiviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior
successive approximations

Introduction to Psychology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions