learning

Question 1

reflexes

Answer 1

motor/ neutral reaction to a specific stimulus
you don’t think about it, you just do it
simpler than instincts
e.g. when pupils shrink in bright light

Question 2

instincts

Answer 2

behaviors triggered by a broader range of events
more complex
involves movement of organism as a whole
ex. migration

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experiences

Question 4

associative learning

Answer 4

when an organism makes connections between stimuli and events that occur together

Question 5

three types of learning

Answer 5

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning

Question 6

ivan pavlov

Answer 6

he studied dogs digestive systems which led him to unexpectedly discover classical conditioning

Question 7

ivan pavlov’s dog experiment

Answer 7

the dog would salivate (unconditioned response) at the sight of food (unconditioned stimulus) and then the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) would be followed by food, so eventually the dog would salivate (conditioned response) to the sound of the bell (conditioned stimulus)

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

process by which events or consequences can be anticipated through associated stimuli

Question 9

higher order conditioning

Answer 9

an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus (second order stimulus) so eventually that new stimulus causes the same response without the original stimulus

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

initial period of learning during classical conditioning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus isn’t presented with the conditioned stimulus anymore

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 13

stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
ex. dogs can tell the difference between their specific bell sound and a different bell

Question 14

stimulus generalization

Answer 14

when an organism demonstrated the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 15

behaviorism

Answer 15

john b watson studied it
believed all behavior could be studied as a stimulus- response reaction

Question 16

john b watson

Answer 16

studied behaviorism
conducted a famous study with little albert

Question 17

operant conditioning

Answer 17

organisms learn to associate a behavior with its consequences

Question 18

law of effect

Answer 18

behaviors followed by pleasant consequences were more likely to be repeated and vice versa with bad
proposed by edward thorndike

Question 19

the skinner box

Answer 19

b f skinner would put animals in this box that contained a lever, and when it was pressed it dispensed food as a reward

Question 20

positive (operant conditioning)

Answer 20

to add something

Question 21

negative (operant conditioning)

Answer 21

to take something away

Question 22

punishment (operant conditioning)

Answer 22

to decrease a behavior

Question 23

reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Answer 23

to increase a behavior

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

instead of only rewarding the target behavior, we reward steps in the right direction until the target behavior is reached

Question 25

primary reinforcers

Answer 25

the value of these does not need to be learned, mostly necessities water, food, sleep, shelter

Question 26

secondary reinforcers

Answer 26

becomes valuable and reinforcing when linked w/ a primary reinforcer ex. money

Question 27

continuous reinforcements

Answer 27

organism receives reward every time it completes behavior

Question 28

partial reinforcement

Answer 28

reinforced intermittently, not every time fixed/variable and interval/ratio (4 types)

Question 29

observational learning

Answer 29

we learn by watching others and imitating what they do

Question 30

vicarious reinforcement/ punishment

Answer 30

observer sees model rewarded or punished, this affects whether they are more or less likely to repeat the behavior

Question 31

albert bandura

Answer 31

proposed the social learning theory (internal mental state is also involved in observational learning) conducted the bobo doll experiment

Question 32

edward c tolmam

Answer 32

found that learning can occur without reinforcement

Question 33

b f skinner

Answer 33

discovered operant conditioning made the skinner box, would reward rats w food for pushing a lever