memory

Question 1

process of information processing

Answer 1

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

automatic processing

Answer 2

encoding of details like time, frequency, meaning of words (ex. remembering the last time you ate)

Question 3

effortful processing

Answer 3

encoding information that requires a lot of attention to think of (ex. remembering exactly what you studied last)

Question 4

3 types of encoding

Answer 4

semantic (words and meanings), visual (images), and acoustic (sounds)

Question 5

three stages of memory storage

Answer 5

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Question 6

sensory memory

Answer 6

storage of brief sensory information like sights, sounds, and tastes
info that doesn’t matter much

Question 7

short term memory

Answer 7

takes information from sensory memory and connects it to something in long term memory

Question 8

rehearsal

Answer 8

moves information from short term to long term memory
conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Question 9

long- term memory

Answer 9

continuous storage of information
2 types: implicit and explicit

Question 10

explicit memories

Answer 10

memories we consciously try to recall. divided into episodic and semantic memory

Question 11

episodic memory

Answer 11

information about events we have experienced (think episodes), usually reported as a story

Question 12

semantic memory

Answer 12

knowledge of words, concepts, facts

Question 13

implicit memories

Answer 13

long term memories that aren’t a part of our consciousness, you’re not aware of the influence. divided into implicit procedural memory and implicit emotional conditioning

Question 14

implicit procedural memory

Answer 14

stores your skills (riding a bike, driving a car). things you don’t have to think about, you just do

Question 15

implicit emotional conditioning

Answer 15

example: specific smells can cause emotional responses

Question 16

retrieval

Answer 16

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Question 17

3 ways to retrieve information

Answer 17

recall (access information without cues), recognition (identifying information you’ve previously learned after encountering it again), and relearning (learning information again that you previously learned)

Question 18

4 main parts of the brain involved with memory

Answer 18

amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex

Question 19

amygdala

Answer 19

regulates emotions like fear and aggression
helps store memories because storage is influenced by stress hormones
involved in memory consolidation (transferring new info into long term memory)

Question 20

hippocampus

Answer 20

gives memories meaning and connects them to other memories
also plays a part in memory consolidation

Question 21

cerebellum

Answer 21

helps process procedural memories
helps create implicit memories

Question 22

prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

helps process and retain information
involved with remembering semantic tasks
encoding is in the left frontal region, retrieval is in the right

Question 23

neurotransmitters

Answer 23

dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine
nobody knows what role they each play specifically in memory

Question 24

arousal theory

Answer 24

strong emotions cause formation of strong memories, and vice versa for weak ones
strong emotions trigger release of neurotransmitters and hormones, which strengthen memory

Question 25

flashbulb memory

Answer 25

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event (ex. 9/11, the queens death, etc.)

Question 26

amnesia

Answer 26

loss of long term memory usually caused by a disease or a physical or psychological trauma. 2 types: anterograde and retrograde

Question 27

anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

cant remember new information, only information you had before you got it

Question 28

retrograde amnesia

Answer 28

you cant remember any events or information from before you got it

Question 29

memory construction

Answer 29

formulation of new memories

Question 30

memory reconstruction

Answer 30

process of remembering old memories

Question 31

suggestability

Answer 31

false information from external sources leads to creation of false memories result from leading questions

Question 32

false memory syndrome

Answer 32

recall of false autobiographical memories

Question 33

encoding failure

Answer 33

memory loss before the memory process starts

Question 34

7 sins of memory

Answer 34

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestability, bias, persistence

Question 35

transience

Answer 35

accessibility of a memory decreases after a long time (forgetting events from long ago)

Question 36

absentmindedness

Answer 36

forgetting things because of a lack of paying attention (forget where you put your phone or keys)

Question 37

blocking

Answer 37

accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (tip of the tongue)

Question 38

misattribution

Answer 38

source of memory is confused (recalling a memory from a dream as a memory that actually happened)

Question 39

bias

Answer 39

memories distorted by current beliefs (align memories with current beliefs)

Question 40

persistence

Answer 40

inability to forget unwanted memories (traumatic events, or having a song stuck in your head)

Question 41

interference

Answer 41

information is in our memory, but inaccessible for some reason 2 types: proactive and retroactive

Question 42

proactive interference

Answer 42

old information hinders recall of newly learned information (you get a new number but tell people the old one)

Question 43

retroactive interference

Answer 43

recently learned information hinders recall of old information (you cant remember things from the last unit because you are focused on the new one)

Question 44

chunking

Answer 44

organizing information into manageable chunks (instead of remembering 2347060187, think of it as 234-706-0187)

Question 45

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 45

relating the meaning of new information to knowledge you already have (you know 330 is the area code so it’s easier to remember that part)

Question 46

mnemonic devices

Answer 46

a memory technique to help remember steps, processes, lists, etc. (roy g biv)