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Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

0
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus. (Shock decreases as it’s repeated)

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1
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in strength of response to a stimulus.

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2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associate two stimuli such that one stimuli can elicit a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus

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3
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

A neural stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

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4
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

Responses followed by satisfactory consequences will be strengthen whereas hose followed by unsatisfactory consequences will be weakened

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5
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of a spatial layout

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6
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Produces the most rapid learning

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7
Q

Albert Bandura’s cognitive theory

A

Stresses the importance of learning by observing a model

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8
Q

Consolidation

A

Improvements in skills liked to the time we are asleep

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9
Q

Extinction

A

A process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear

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10
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already existing CS

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11
Q

Exposure therapy

A

A patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that arouses an anxiety response without the presence of the UCS allowing extinction to occur.

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12
Q

Aversion therapy

A

Attempts to condition an aversion (a repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior by pairing it with a toxic UCS (paedophiles- shocked when see pic of kids)

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13
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences that FOLLOW it

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

When a response is STRENGTHENED by the outcome that follows it

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15
Q

Punishment

A

Occurs when a response is WEAKENED by the outcome that follows it

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16
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

When a response is strengthened by the subsequent PRESENTATION of a stimulus

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17
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Stimuli such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing biological needs

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18
Q

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

A

Stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers. (Eg. Money)

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19
Q

Negative reinforcements

A

A response is strengthened by the subsequent REMOVAL or AVOIDANCE of an aversive stimulus

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20
Q

Operant extinction

A

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.

21
Q

Aversive punishment

A

A response is weakened by a subsequent presentation of a stimulus. Eg. Child burns fingers on hot stove,won’t do it again. Produces rapid results.

22
Q

Response cost

A

Response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus. Eg. Being grounded/ not speeding because of fine possibility

23
Q

Preparedness

A

Through evolution, animals are predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others. (Rat with sugar water=operant taste aversions)

24
Q

Indistinctive drift

A

The tendency for a conditioned response to drift back towards instinctive behavior.

25
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later, when there is an incentive to perform

26
Q

Blocking

A

Obstruction of conditioning of a CR, because that response has already been conditioned to another stimulus.

27
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory

A

Emphasizes that people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their lives. (Bandura’s theory)

28
Q

Neural Network Models

A

Learn new information through changes in the connections between mathematically stimulated neurons

29
Q

in Pavlov’s experiments, salivation was the

A

unconditioned response

30
Q

in Thorndike’s law of effect, events critical for conditioning

A

occur after the response

31
Q

a series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behaviour are called

A

successive approximations

32
Q

the greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a

A

variable interval

33
Q

reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

A

response congruent

34
Q

difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

A

classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another

35
Q

in classical conditioning, events critical to learning occur before/after the response

A

before

36
Q

becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects of

A

partial reinforcement

37
Q

to strengthen the connection between the CS and the CR, the CS must

A

precede the US

38
Q

an example of a secondary reinforcer

A

grades

39
Q

for conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is

A

CS-US-UR

40
Q

punishment

A

addition of an aversive stimulus

41
Q

negative reinforcement (increases/decreases) responding; punishment (increases/decreases) responding.

A

increases, decreases

42
Q

two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

A

fixed ratio and variable ratio

43
Q

Acquiring a fear of a light because you saw someone else getting shocked when the light came on is an example of

A

vicarious conditioning

44
Q

secondary reinforcer are

A

learned

45
Q

A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is

A

payment of employees on a piece-work basis

46
Q

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is

A

shaping

47
Q

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

A

reflexes

48
Q

To be effective, punishment should be

A

paired with reinforcement

49
Q

Responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate

A

operant conditioning

50
Q

learning is best defined as

A

a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to past experience

51
Q

Two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are

A

stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination

Psychology (19 decks)

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