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AP Psych Final Review > Learning (7-9%) > Flashcards

Learning (7-9%) Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Psychological Learning

A

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus to produce a new response (happens automatically)

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3
Q

Unconditioned

A

unlearned

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that will produce UCR

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

automatic response to UCS

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6
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

has nothing to do with UCS/UCR

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7
Q

Learning

A

any relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
-to measure, one performs and then the instructor makes inferences on that performance
-basic to our understanding of behavior

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8
Q

Rote Learning

A

memorizing information; once memorized you don’t have to think hard to recall (ex. notecards, phone #, address)

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9
Q

Informal Learning

A

observational learning; learning through experience (75% of all learning done this way)

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10
Q

Formal Learning

A

occurs in a setting where someone is teaching you directly

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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12
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

learned stimulus (same as NS)

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13
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

UCR + NS

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14
Q

Generalization

A

occurs when an animal responds to a similar CS (drools with different bell)

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

respond differently to different stimuli (don’t drool with different bell)

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16
Q

Extinction

A

CS is used without UCS and response decreases

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17
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

you think extinction has happened but a after a resting period you still get a reaction (lower in strength)

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18
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

conditioning fear

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19
Q

Little Albert

A

conditioned a 9 month old baby to be afraid of white rats

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20
Q

Taste Aversion

A

we can become conditioned to avoid food we ate when we got sick
-your brain thinks you were poisoned

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21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning from the consequences of our behavior

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22
Q

Law of Effect

A

when behavior is rewarded -> do it again
when behavior is punished -> don’t do it again

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23
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

-called his work instrumental learning (OC)
-put a cat in a box that had a pole inside that would open the door if tilted

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24
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

most behaviors are influenced by rewards/punishments
-rats in boxes that had doors and electrical grids and food and all sorts of positive and negative reinforcement

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25
Q

Reinforcer

A

“bribe” a stimulus that makes a behavior more likely to occur

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26
Q

Reinforcement

A

act of delivering a reinforcer; increases liklihood of behavior being repeated

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27
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

adding something pleasant (social approval, ice cream)

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28
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

something is taken away to strengthen behavior (take ibuprofen to get rid of headache, shut off alarm when it goes off)

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29
Q

Escape Learning

A

process that trains a person to remove or end an unpleasant stimulus

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30
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

process that trains a person to avoid a situation before it becomes unpleasant

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31
Q

Extinction in Operant Conditioning

A

ignoring behavior instead of rewarding/punishing

32
Q

Intrinsic Reinforcer

A

from within (pride/achievment)

33
Q

Extrinsic Reinforcer

A

from the outside (reward/money)

34
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

something that was intrinsic becomes extrinsic

35
Q

Punishment (aversive control)

A

anything that makes a behavior less likely

36
Q

3 things to make a punishment most effective

A

-delivered immediately after bad behavior
-administered consistently
-introduce alternatives (show right behavior)

37
Q

Positive Punishment

A

adding something to situation meant to stop behavior (yelling, spanking)

38
Q

Negative Punishment (omission training)

A

taking something away that you like to end a behavior (grounded, take away phone)

39
Q

Primary Punisher

A

inflicts pain/discomfort (spanking)

40
Q

Secondary Punisher

A

negative but not painful (sentences)

41
Q

Punishments can be bad because…

A

-side effects (hate mom after getting spanked)
-avoidance of person delivering the punishment
-suppresses rather than eliminating a behavior

42
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcing closer and closer to desired behavior (simple)

43
Q

Chaining

A

combining learned skills into one activity (swim lessons) (complex)

44
Q

Response Chain

A

learning one step at a time (hitting a nail) (complex)

45
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

satisfies basic needs (hunger, thirst, sex)

46
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

what we have learned to value; can turn into what you want

47
Q

Generalized Reinforcer

A

money

48
Q

Token Economy

A

rewarding behavior with secondary reinforcment that can be turned into primary reinforcers (prisons, schools, mental hospitals)

49
Q

Premack Principle

A

a more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable behavior ( do chores before watching TV)

50
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

reinforce every time it occurs (more prone to extinction)

51
Q

Partial Reinforcers

A

less prone to extinction (ratio vs. interval, fixed vs. variable)

52
Q

Ratio

A

time

53
Q

Interval

A

specific number of responses

54
Q

Variable

A

average (randomized)

55
Q

Fixed-Ratio

A

reinforce after a set number of responses/actions

56
Q

Fixed-Interval

A

based on time that is fixed

57
Q

Variable-Ratio

A

based on a number but that number varies (works the best)

58
Q

Variable-Interval

A

based on average per time period

59
Q

Variable Schedules

A

work the best (high productivity)

60
Q

Voluntary

A

operant conditioning

61
Q

Automatic

A

classical conditioning

62
Q

Observational Learning/Modeling

A

individual learns behavior by watching others preform behavior

63
Q

Modeling

A
  1. observe
  2. imitate
64
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Social Learning Theory: vicarious reinforcement/punishment; one learns behavior by watching someone receive a reward or punishment

65
Q

Bo-Bo Doll Study

A

kids age 3-6 are put in a room to play with toys with an adult
-control group:kids just play with toys and have fun
-experiment group:adults yelled and beat up bobo doll
-taken to new room with cool toys->they have to leave-> angry
-taken back to room played with toys (CG)
-taken back to room ->abusing, hitting, yelling at bobo (EG)
-boys 2x as likely to beat up bobo if they saw an adult male do it

66
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning not immediately expressed (no reinforcement)

67
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

mental representations of reality

68
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

works the best

69
Q

Insight Learning

A

had an insight and were suddenly able to solve the problem

70
Q

Transfer

A

transfer skills you already have to a new thing

71
Q

Practice

A

repetition of a task; best to practice a little at a time than all at once

72
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

“learn to give up” if pain comes no matter how hard one tries a person gives up

73
Q

Learned Laziness

A

if rewards come without effort, a person never learns to work

74
Q

Learning Feedback

A

finding out the results of an action or performance
-without it you may develop a skill incorrectly (talking, interviewing)

75
Q

Rat Maze Experiment

A

Group 1: given food every time they finish the maze
Group 2: never given food
Group 3: not given food the first 10 days but thye got food on the 11th day

AP Psych Final Review (13 decks)

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