learning and behaviour Flashcards
(27 cards)
what is habituation?
a decrease in responce to repeatedly presented stimulus
what is sensitisation?
an increase in responce to repeatedly presented stimulus
what is associative learning?
learning to associate one stimulus with another or with particular consequesnces
ex) classical, operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
learn to respond to a stimulus in a particular way because of association with sth else
In classical conditioning, how can you categorise
1) food
2) salivation by food
3) bell
4) salivation by bell
1) unconditioned stimulus 2) unconditioned responce 3) conditioned stimulus 4) conditioned responce
what is extinction in classical conditioning?/operant conditioning?
when conditioned stimulus was presented without unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response is not appearing anymore
ex) rings bell without food
- -> no salivation anymore
in operant conditioning, no responding once reinforcement ceases
what is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
reappearance of conditioned responces after extinction
what is generalization in classical conditioning?/operant conditioning?
responce to similar conditioned stimulus
what is discrimination in classical conditioning?/operant conditioning?
distiguishing between similar conditioned stimulus
in operant conditioning, it is based on the basis of reward
what is second-order conditioning in classical conditioning?
pairing conditioned stimulus with new neutral stimulus
how does graduated exposure work?
by gradually presenting low amount of the conditioned stimulus so that patient does not produce the conditioned response by conditioned stimulus anymore
relaxation training –> relax: UCR
phobia –> fear: CR
relax + a bit of phobic stimulus –> relaxation
phobic stimulus–> relaxation!!!!!
ex) fear of flying, animal phobias, food aversions
what is aversion therapy?
put aversive stimulus and undesireble behaviour tgt so that patient attribute negative responce by undesirable behaviour
ex) alcoholism, gambling
what is flooding?
keep contacting with a conditioned stimulus till one does not responce to the stimulus anymore
–> forced confrontation
what is operant conditioning?
behaviours that lead to happy consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviours that lead to unhappy consequences are less likely to be repeated
in terms of fixed reinforcement, what the hell are fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval???
fixed ratio: consistant pattern
variable ratio: variable pattern
fixed interval: consistent schedule
variable interval: variable schedule
what produces the quickest acquisition of behaviour?
fixed schedule
what produces the strongest behaviour? (resistant to extinction)
variable schedule
add a reward to increase behaviour?
positive reinforcement!
remove a rewards to decrease behaviour?
negative punishment!
add unhappy stimulus to decrease behaviour?
positive punishment!
remove unhappy stimulus to increase behaviour?
negative reinforcement!
what are the rewards in reinforcement??
primary: food, shelter, sex, rest
secondary: learned value such as praise, money
what is escape/avoidance learning?
escape: do sth after terminating an aversive stimulus
avoidance: do sth to avoid aversive stimulus even before it is expected
what can cognitive map show??
what you think is important, your daily route, habit
–> latent learning that does not related to conditioning or reinforcement
