memory and forgetting Flashcards
(31 cards)
what is encoding in information processing?
translating info into a neural code so that brain can process it
encoding can turn short-term memory into long-term memory
what is storage in information processing?
filling and saving the info
what is retrieval in information processing?
process to access that saved info
what are two ways of storage in terms of sensory memory?
iconic store: visual sensory memory, retained for about 1 sec
echonic store: auditory sensory memory, retained for several sec
what is short term memory?
selectively added info; duration of 20 secs, capacity of 5-9 units
what is central executive?
it can plan and control the action, information
short term memory
what is phonological loop?
stores info about sounds of language
short term memory
what is visuo-spatial sketchpad?
where you store the visual and spatial info
short term memory
what is episodic buffer?
integrates info in the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad, with info from long term memory
what are the two main branch of long term memory?
explicit (decralative) and implicit
what are the two branches in explicit memory (long term memory)
episodic memory: personal experience
semantic memory: facts and general knowledge
what are the two branches in implicit memory (long term memory)
skills-motor and cognitive
classical conditioning effect
what is serial position effect?
effect that we tend to memorarise the very first and the last info
how does amygdala work in terms of memory?
processes emotion, help storing long-term emotionally arousing events
how is cerebellum important in terms of memory?
to procedural memory
how does hippocampus help memory in terms of memory?
- convert short-term memory to long term ones
- normal recognition
- spatial memory
ex) cab driver has large hippocampus
what are multiple processing ways for encoding and retrieval?
effortful processing: need conscious attention
automatic processing: occurs without conscious decisioin to remember
what are differences in
the process of encoding?
- structural encoding: what does the word look like?
- phonetic encoding: what does the word sound like?
- semantic encoding: what does the word mean?
–> the deeper encoding, the longer it lasting
what are the differences in rehearsal?
maintenance rehearsal: simple route repetition
elaborative rehearsal: focus on meaning and elaborate it
some encoding hacks…
- organising the info
- imagery
what is schema?
mental structures that we use for organizing categories of info and relationship between them
–> it can influence how we encode and retrieve info
what are factors that affect retrieval to make it easier??
-context dependent memory
When you learn something in one context, you’ll more easily remember it in that same context.
-state dependent memory
when one is in the same state of consciousness as when the memory was formed.
-mood congruent memory
one’s mood can affect association of which memories are recalled
ex) when you are depressed, you tend to remember sad memories
what are the two kinds of incidental forgetting?
retroactive interference: you cannot remember what you first learned
proactive interference: you cannot remember what you newly remembered
what are the two causes of incidental forgetting?
- decay: fading of the memory over time
- neurogenesis: structural remodelling of neurons to integration of newly generated neurons
