Lec 12- mating

Question 1

what are the 2 kinds of repro in organisms?

Answer 1

asexual
sexual

Question 2

asexual repro (4)

Answer 2

binary fission
fragmentation
parthenogenesis
runners
- prokaryotes and eukaryotes (plants and animals)

Question 3

sexual

Answer 3

combo of gametes
- eukaryotes

Question 4

why is mate choice important?

Answer 4

sexual selection caused by: mate choice by one sex and/or competition for mates among individuals of same sex causes selection of certain traits
- non-random mating
- sexual display

Question 5

how to make sense of social interaction related to sexual repro?

Answer 5

• identify sex types
• describe mating sys or social sexual structure of a pop

Question 6

sex types (3)

Answer 6

male
female
hermaphrodites

Question 7

single sex

Answer 7

individuals have one repro function
- M and F
M = smaller gametes
F = larger gametes

Question 8

hermaphrodites

Answer 8

individuals have more than one repro fxn

Question 9

instantaneous hermaphrodites

Answer 9

can perform M or F functions at the same time
- born w ability

Question 10

sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 10

can change sex over time
- changes over lifetime

Question 11

protandrous hermaphrodites

Answer 11

M can change to F if previous breeding F is removed
- clownfish

Question 12

protogynous hermaphrodites

Answer 12

largest F can change to M if previous breeding M is removed
- Indo-Pacific cleaner wrasse

Question 13

what kind of sex type are plants?

Answer 13

75% are hermaphroditic
- M and F repro parts
- flowers M and F = “perfect flowers”
- multiple M but 1 female

Question 14

monogamy

Answer 14

one M and one F in exclusive relationship at least for period of time
- during mating season or while caring for the young
- Emperor penguins

Question 15

genetic monogamy

Answer 15

parents raise their genetic offspring (full fidelity)

Question 16

social monogamy

Answer 16

parents raise offspring but fidelity might not be fully present
- 90% passerine species: M raises eggs that might not be his genetic offspring

Question 17

why did monogamy evolve?

Answer 17

• anisogamy: F more selective since gametes are larger and energetically more costly
• partners are rare or have wide territories
• parental care: higher fitness of offspring

Question 18

promiscuity

Answer 18

several sexual partners

Question 19

polygyny

Answer 19

1 male with multiple females
- elephant seals

Question 20

polyandry

Answer 20

1 female, multiple males
- marmosets

Question 21

polygynandry

Answer 21

multiple males and females
- chimps

Question 22

Indian peafowl

Answer 22

M spread out their feathers
- fitness advantage
- visible to predators

Question 23

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 23

characteristics M and F not directly involved in repro
- morphological
- behaviors
- sexual selection

Question 24

sexually dimorphic species

Answer 24

species that display diff secondary sexual characteristics b/w sexes
- moose
- mandrill
- indian peafowl
- human

Question 25

sexual selection

Answer 25

differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in mating success - intra vs intersexual

Question 26

intersexual selection

Answer 26

- selection for traits that increases the chances to be chosen by opp sex - pronounced colors in tail feathers in Indian peafowl - singing as an acoustic ornament in european robin

Question 27

intrasexual selection

Answer 27

- selection for traits that confer advantage during competition among same sex for access to mate - antler size in red deer (M) - pronounced horns in dung beetles (F)

Question 28

mate choice and sexual selection

Answer 28

experiments used to understand whether a secondary sexual characteristic evolved through intra- and intersexual selection Andersson - length of tail feathers - longer = higher mating success - did not play a role in defending territory Tail feather length evolved through intersexual rather than intrasexual selection

Question 29

limits of evolution of armors and attractive displays

Answer 29

increased mortality during fights high allocation of resources at expense of other life function increased predation risk habitat compatibility

Question 30

guppies

Answer 30

tradeoff b/w predation pressure and one hand sexual selection driven by female mating choice on other - female guppies less colorful than male - mate with more brightly colored males

Question 31

high predation treatment- guppies

Answer 31

strong predator

Question 32

low predation treatment-guppies

Answer 32

weak predator

Question 33

no predation treatment-guppies

Answer 33

control without predator

Question 34

Endler experiment on guppies

Answer 34

spots per male body are under intersexual and natural selection (predation pressure) - 14 months - reproduce and form several new gen - low predation and no predation tanks had more spots per male than high predation tank - from high predation setting were transplanted into low predation setting - several gen, low predation setting = increase in number of spots on male body

Question 35

wild radish flowers

Answer 35

both male and female parts no self-pollination (insects help)

Question 36

Marshall's experiment

Answer 36

non-random mating - pistils of diff individuals were cross-pollinated with six diff pollen donors - one donor showed increased number of sired seeds - number of seeds in top half of fruit

Question 37

what drives non-random mating in plants?

Answer 37

- competition b/w pollen from diff donor in responsible for non-random mating - interference competition - interaction b/w pollen inhibits pollen germination (intra-)

Question 38

sexual conflict

Answer 38

asymmetry b/w sexes in potentially evolutionary benefits and costs of any particular mating event - expensive F, inexpensive M - decreased foraging efficiency - increased predation risk in F while carrying M or offspring

Question 39

sexual arms race

Answer 39

conflicting benefits/costs of mating has led to coevolution of armaments - coevolution

Question 40

coevolution

Answer 40

reciprocal evolutionary interaction b/w 2+ evolving groups (2 species or M vs F) - water striders: clasping structures in M and anti-clasping structures in F co-evolved in response to sexual conflict)