Lec 13- Life History

Question 1

life history

Answer 1

description of major characteristics of an organism from birth to death
- body size
- survival
- age of reproductive maturity
- # of offspring produced

Question 2

principle of allocation

Answer 2

amount of time and energy available to each organism is limited
- when energy and time is allocated to one function, it reduces energy and time available for other functions

Question 3

energy budgets

Answer 3

need to allocate energy b/w and w/in parts of budget
- trade-offs w/in reproductive budget (offspring # and size)
( the small the offspring, the more produced)
- trade-offs b/w repro and other activities (survival and growth)

Question 4

body size

Answer 4

length
height
weight

Question 5

fecundity

Answer 5

offspring per episode
- harbor seal: 1 offspring
- lionfish: 30,000-40,000 offspring
- tulip: ~50-250
- amaranth ~1000-10,000

Question 6

parity

Answer 6

of episodes for repro per life
- sockeye salmon 1 (anadromous)
- brown booby 16-20x
- rapeseed 1x
- apple tree up to 100x

Question 7

maturity

Answer 7

age at 1st repro
- shrimp (4-6M)
- white shark (33 yrs)
- rapeseed (~3M)
- cherry tree (7-10 yrs)

Question 8

aging/senescence

Answer 8

life span/survival
- ostracod (~40 days)
- bowhead wale (200 yrs)
- sunflower (~1 yr- annual)
- western redcedar (1000 yrs - perennial)
- glass sponge (10,000+ yrs)
- aspen (80,000+ yrs)

Question 9

semelparity, semelparous

Answer 9

animals
one repro event
- salmon

Question 10

iteroparity, iteroparous

Answer 10

animals
multiple repro events
- brown booby

Question 11

monocarpic

Answer 11

flowers and sets seeds only 1x
- rapeseed
- plants

Question 12

polycarpic

Answer 12

flowers and sets seeds multiple times
- trees

Question 13

annual plants

Answer 13

completes life cycle in one growing season
- rapeseed

Question 14

perennial

Answer 14

completes life cycle in multiple growing seasons
- trees

Question 15

allometry

Answer 15

study of scaling b/w body size and various biological traits/fxns (shape, anatomy, physiology, behavior)

Question 16

what does body size influence?

Answer 16

relationships with temp, energy, water, and nutrient acquisition

Question 17

applications of allometry

Answer 17

estimating fish biomass in fisheries
- lionfish
- total length vs wet weight (+ correlation, exponential trend)

Question 18

what are life history trade-offs result of?

Answer 18

evolutionary trajectories

Question 19

offspring size vs number

Answer 19

freshwater darters
- the larger the fish, the higher number of eggs produced
+ correlation
linear
larger eggs means fewer eggs

Question 20

seed size vs dispersal distance

Answer 20

larger seeds = less produced
negative correlation
larger seed mass = wider plants are dispersed
- many factors influence how far seeds disperse (plant height)

Question 21

dispersal

Answer 21

permanent movement of individuals (propagules) usually from one population to another
- NOT migration

Question 22

seed dispersal

Answer 22

spread of seeds from mother plant across space

Question 23

offspring size vs gene flow

Answer 23

gene flow: transfer of genetic material from one population to another
- Turner and Trexler on diff species of darterfish
= smaller eggs means they are a larva for a longer time so they are able to move further away (more gene flow)

Question 24

gene flow- smaller eggs

Answer 24

smaller and more eggs
- smaller larvae
- longer larval phase
drift far away
low genetic isolation

Question 25

gene flow - larger eggs

Answer 25

larger and fewer eggs - larger larvae - short larval phase do not drift far higher genetic isolation

Question 26

survival vs age at maturity

Answer 26

reproductive effort: allocation of energy, time and other resources to reproduction - formation of eggs and offspring care - costly for some - early investment = less e for growth/survival

Question 27

lizards and snakes (survival/maturity)

Answer 27

lizards and snakes have higher survival = mature at later ages

Question 28

why is reproduction costly?

Answer 28

- organisms invest early in reproduction cannot allocate more E to growth and survival - those that opt for higher survival rate reproduce at a later life stage

Question 29

size vs maturity/behavior

Answer 29

variation within species also be substantial - coho salmon "jack" vs "hooknose"

Question 30

hooknose vs jack

Answer 30

2 groups must represent 2 alternative but successful evolutionary strategies

Question 31

hooknose

Answer 31

fight among themselves to gain access to females larger = later maturity

Question 32

jacks

Answer 32

can hide and fertilize eggs w/o getting into fights with larger hooknose

Question 33

r and K selection

Answer 33

MacArthur and Wilson

Question 34

r selection

Answer 34

small and fast - high r - competitive ability not strongly favored - rapid development - small body size - single, semelparity reproduction - many, small offspring

Question 35

K selection

Answer 35

large and slow - low r - highly favored competitive ability - slow development - late repro - large body size - repeated, iteroparity repro - few, large offspring

Question 36

Grime's triangle

Answer 36

CSR - competitive - stress-tolerant - ruderal center: intermediate life history strategies CR - disturbance CS- competition SR- stress

Question 37

ruderals

Answer 37

best under high disturbance and low stress (weeds) - rapid growth - large amount of tiny seeds - short life span (annuals) - little maintenance and growth of large structures amaranth

Question 38

stress-tolerant plants

Answer 38

high stress and low competition (rock screes, saline marshes) - slow growth - physiological stress-tolerance rather than growth wild tulips: bulb is storage for food and water so they avoid competition and cant allocate E for storage

Question 39

competitive plants

Answer 39

low disturbance and high productivity - grow fast aspen - strong competitors

Question 40

E-P-O scheme

Answer 40

winemiller and rose Fish - equilibrium life history - periodic life history - opportunistic life history PO- fecundity EP- age of reproductive maturity EO- juvenile survivorship

Question 41

semi-triangular surface

Answer 41

theoretically possible adaptive space due to life history trade-offs

Question 42

O

Answer 42

low survival early maturity low fecundity - guppy

Question 43

P

Answer 43

low survival late maturity high fecundity - sturgeon

Question 44

E

Answer 44

high survival late maturity low fecundity - shark

Question 45

guppy- O

Answer 45

enviro variable in space and time - fast reproduction

Question 46

sturgeon- P

Answer 46

seasonal environment: en masse reproduction

Question 47

shark- E

Answer 47

stable environment, high competition - juvenile survival so more E invested so less offspring produced