Lec 14- Populations

Question 1

population

Answer 1

individuals of same species that co-occur in space and time

Question 2

patterns and processes (4)

Answer 2

disease ecology: spread and changes
invasion: spread of new species (invasive)
conservation biology: extinction risk in species (most important)
restoration: intro of species

Question 3

density

Answer 3

of individuals per unit area

Question 4

distribution

Answer 4

size, shape, location of area occupied

Question 5

absolute density

Answer 5

number of individuals of population per unit area (# moose per hectare)

Question 6

ecological density

Answer 6

of individuals of population per unit area of suitable habitat (# moose per hectare forest) (specific habitat)

Question 7

dispersal

Answer 7

permanent movement of individuals (propagules) from one population to another
- alter species distributions and local population densities

Question 8

migration

Answer 8

seasonal movement of individuals from one location to another

Question 9

seed dispersal modes (6)

Answer 9

gravity
ballistic
wind
water
animals
humans

Question 10

gravity dispersal

Answer 10

large seed size
short dispersal distances

Question 11

ballistic dispersal

Answer 11

explosive dispersal
short dispersal distances

Question 12

wind dispersal

Answer 12

seeds with appendages
short to long dispersal distances

Question 13

water dispersal

Answer 13

seeds with floating
capabilities short to long dispersal distances

Question 14

animals dispersal

Answer 14

ingestion or defecation or hooks
short to long distances

Question 15

humans dispersal

Answer 15

breeding and transportation
short to long distances

Question 16

dispersal (2)

Answer 16

immigration: movement into a local population
emigration: movement out of a local population

Question 17

does density change in response to food supply?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

functional response

Answer 18

increase and decrease in feeding rate (short-term response)

Question 19

numerical response

Answer 19

change in density of predator populations in response to changes in prey density

Question 20

what are the 2 drivers of numerical responses?

Answer 20

reproduction
dispersal (aggregative response)

Question 21

reproduction

Answer 21

time lag b/w peak prey population and peak predator population
- non-synchronized dynamics b/w predator and prey
- lag due to time needed for predators to produce offspring
- wolves

Question 22

dispersal (aggregative response)

Answer 22

no time lag b/w peak prey population and peak predator population
- synchronized predator and prey dynamics
- no time lag as species are highly mobile and can track prey across landscape
- birds of prey

Question 23

voles vs kestrels/owls

Answer 23

if responses were structured by repro then there would be a lag
- driven by dispersal so no lag

Question 24

distribution

Answer 24

• geographic distribution of species as limited by physical enviro and species niche requirements
• species can only exist in areas where niche requirements are fulfilled

Question 25

smaller scale distribution

Answer 25

individuals of pop are distributed in random, reg or clumped - result of abiotic or biotic environment

Question 26

random distribution

Answer 26

individuals have equal chance of living anywhere within area - neutral interaction b/w individuals and b/w individuals and local environment - uniform distribution of resources

Question 27

regular/even

Answer 27

individuals are uniformly spaces - antagonistic interactions b/w individuals or local depletion of resources - uniform distribution of resources

Question 28

clumped

Answer 28

individuals have higher probability of being in some areas vs others - attraction b/w individuals or to a common resource; limited dispersal - positive interactions (attraction) - patchy resources

Question 29

larger scales

Answer 29

area over which there is substantial environmental change - clumped species - the broader the niche. the wider a species large-scale distributions usually is - hotspots - American and Fish crow

Question 30

why aren't all species in all places?

Answer 30

- limited energy and resources - takes extra energy to survive/reproduce in regions at edge of niche

Question 31

how does climate shape species distribution?

Answer 31

E vs W grey kangaroo vs red kangaroo

Question 32

eastern grey kangaroo

Answer 32

habitat niche encompasses tropical forests

Question 33

western grey kangaroo

Answer 33

temperate woodland and shrubland type (most rain in winter)

Question 34

red kangaroo

Answer 34

savanna and desert species adapted to hot, dry, arid and semi-arid conditions

Question 35

range expansion in response to climate change

Answer 35

maple trees disperse faster and colonized larger area due to broader climate niche

Question 36

range expansion in invasive species

Answer 36

Africanized honeybee - hybrid - aggressive - efficient foragers - create larger colonies b/c excess food - form massive swarms

Question 37

dispersal of expanding population (honeybees)

Answer 37

no populations of bc of dispersal lag or unfavorable climate - too cold for now (climate change)

Question 38

dispersal lag

Answer 38

phenomenon where species has not had enough time to colonize area (will occur eventually)

Question 39

range expansion in pest species

Answer 39

mountain pine beetle - lay eggs under bark - introduce blue-stain fungi - larval feeding and fungal infection stop water and nutrient flow - dispersal will allow species ranges to move along with climate but only if climate slows enough for them to keep up

Question 40

mountain pine beetle dispersal

Answer 40

spreading to AB - northern limit of beetle: cold winter temp and cool summers - recent outbreaks linked to favorable weather in both summer and winter - warm + dry summer = good for development and dispersal and drought stress reduces tree defenses

Question 41

metapopulations

Answer 41

made up of group of subpopulations living in patches of habitat connected by exchange of individuals - exist when individuals can disperse from one pop to another - no dispersal b/w populations then not a metapopulation

Question 42

rocky mountain parnassian butterfly

Answer 42

very specific set of niche requirements distributed as patches - patches appear to form metapopulation mark and recapture survey: - pop size correlated with meadow size - individuals immigrating from smaller population and moving into larger ones - global warming could lead to forest encroachment and shrink habitat - pop will likely decline