Lec 5- aquatic biomes

Question 1

biomes

Answer 1

• way of categorizing ecosystems
• distinguished by dominant plants and climates (terrestrial) or movement and physical properties of water (aquatic)

Question 2

kinds of marine biomes (5)

Answer 2

ocean/salty
- open ocean
- deep ocean and thermal vents
- kelp forests and coral gardens
- intertidal
- salt marshes and mangroves

Question 3

open ocean

Answer 3

pelagic

Question 4

deep ocean

Answer 4

benthic

Question 5

intertidal

Answer 5

littoral

Question 6

kinds of aquatic biomes

Answer 6

freshwater
- lakes
- rives and streams
- wetlands

Question 7

lakes

Answer 7

lentic

Question 8

rivers and streams

Answer 8

lotic

Question 9

aquatic sys in Canada (8)

Answer 9

ocean
- open ocean, kelp forests, intertidal zone, estuaries (salt marshes and mangroves)
- lakes
- ponds
- rivers
- streams
- wetlands
- bogs
- fens

Question 10

Oceans

Answer 10

70% of world
zones:
- littoral (intertidal) zone
- neritic zone
- oceanic (pelagic) zone
- zonation of habitat: benthic and pelagic

Question 11

littoral zone

Answer 11

shallow shoreline, under influence of tides

Question 12

neritic zone

Answer 12

coast to margin of continental shelf

Question 13

oceanic zone

Answer 13

beyond continental shelf
- epipelagic 0-200
- mesopelagic 200-1000
- bathypelagic 1000-4000
- abyssal 4000-6000
- hadal 6000+

Question 14

benthic

Answer 14

habitat at bottom of ocean

Question 15

pelagic

Answer 15

habitat off the bottom, in open water

Question 16

open ocean

Answer 16

pelagic
physical: light and temp dependent on depth, gyres, light decreases w depth
chemical: salty, o2 concentration correlated with depth
biological: photic zone, low densities

Question 17

deep ocean and thermal vents

Answer 17

physical/chemical: chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, no light
biological: highly adapted organisms, little known, hard to study b/c adapted to high pressure

Question 18

kelp forests and coral reefs

Answer 18

higher latitudes, ocean currents
biomes analogous to terrestrial forest
between Tropics
kelp across rocky shores and eat coast
kelp: 30 degrees latitude or high cooler temp
coral reef/garden: 30 degrees latitude or lower warm temp
- highly vulnerable
- high productive organisms

Question 19

Ekman spiral

Answer 19

starts at surface then moves down in specific movements
- Coriolis effect and wind move large water masses in vertical fashion
- with increasing depth, forces diminishes and changes direction due to friction in water
- wind directed water movement resembles vertical spiral
- net transport direction will be 90 degrees than surface wind direction
- key to transport of energy

Question 20

Coastal upwelling

Answer 20

• wind driven off-shore movement of water
• deeper waters replace displaced water nearshore
• deeper waters nutrient-enriched
• kelp forest

Question 21

intertidal

Answer 21

littoral
- ocean meets land
- rise and fall of tides
physical/chemical: tides, high light, temp closer to air temp, oxygenated
biological: amphibious. part marine and part terrestrial, starfish, mussels, algae

Question 22

salt marshes and mangroves

Answer 22

• saltwater and freshwater mix
• river into ocean
  physical/chemical: highly variable and dynamic like intertidal, salinity fluxes
  biological: marshes = grass, mangroves = trees, low diversity but high productivity

Question 23

lotic ecosystems

Answer 23

rivers and streams- natural channels of moving water, differ in sizes
rivers, streams, creeks/brooks

canals are human-made channels of flowing water integrated into an ecosystem

size depends on substrate, energy, photosynthesis
smaller have higher turbidity and less photosynthetic organisms

Question 24

rivers

Answer 24

physical/chemical: water moves, turbid, lots of suspended sediment, temp similar to air
biological: fish-variety, macroinvertebrates-benthic invertebrates

Question 25

lentic ecosystems

Answer 25

lakes = relatively deep large bodies > 3m depth and >1 ha surface area ponds = smaller, often fishless wetlands = shallow, dominated by water-logged soils and aquatic vegetation

Question 26

lakes

Answer 26

lentic - physical/chemical: more dynamic, "mini-oceans" - biological: organisms vary by layer, light level, planktonic: free floating, nektonic = free swimming

Question 27

wetlands, bogs and fens

Answer 27

physical/chemical: decomp rate lower than production, still water, low O2 biology: structurally slowly decomposing organic material

Question 28

Peatlands

Answer 28

bogs and fens - wetlands come in form of either forming peat or not peat: partially decomposed plant material that builds up in certain poorly drained wetlands bogs: in depressions in landscape fens: receive water from ground or surface

Question 29

what are the key drivers of freshwater and marine ecosystems?

Answer 29

solar radiance nutrients

Question 30

how are freshwater ecosystems contrasted?

Answer 30

based on flowing vs standing water

Question 31

what drives freshwater ecosystems?

Answer 31

landscape factors

Question 32

what regulates marine ecosystems?

Answer 32

oceanic currents

Question 33

what is a niche?

Answer 33

set of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive and reproduce - abstract, not physical conditions

Question 34

fundamental niche

Answer 34

physical conditions which species night live in ABSENCE of interaction with other species - no competition

Question 35

realized niche

Answer 35

environmental conditions which species might live when restricted by interactions with other species - smaller than fundamental

Question 36

ecological niche- people (3)

Answer 36

Grinnell (1917, 1924)- abiotic factors Elton (1927) - abiotic but more on biotic interactions Hutchinson (1957)- realized niche, an n-dimensional hypervolume - n = # of environmental factors important to survival and repro, generalize it - humidity vs them to get pH

Question 37

MacArthur's warblers

Answer 37

fundamental 5 species in spruce in NA observed using binoculars and stopwatch realized - coexist in same tree by restricting feeding to certain areas- niche partitioning

Question 38

Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 38

no 2 species will occupy same realized niche, eventually one will out-compete the other

Question 39

Niche partitioning

Answer 39

when species in community use limiting factors in diff ways they will occupy different realized niches