lec chap 11-12

Question 1

Is the systematic study of the interrelationship that exist between organism and their environment

Answer 1

Ecology

Question 2

Is the study of the numerous interrelationships between microbe and the world around them

Answer 2

Microbial ecology

Question 3

Microorganisms that present both on and in our bodies

Answer 3

Indigenous microbiota

Question 4

What is the older term of indigenous microbiota

Answer 4

Normal flora

Question 5

Living together or close association of two dissimilar organisms usually two different species

Answer 5

Symbiosis

Question 6

Organisms in the relationship in symbiosis are referred to as

Answer 6

Symbionts

Question 7

A symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship (no effect to other)

Answer 7

Neutralism

Question 8

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence to the other neither beneficial or harmful

Answer 8

Commensalism

Question 9

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts

Answer 9

Mutualism

Question 10

A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont or the parasite and detrimental to the other symbiont or the host

Answer 10

Parasitism

Question 11

A disease causing pathogenic relationship is referred to as

Answer 11

dysbiosis

Question 12

Refers to the microorganisms that make up our indigenous microflora

Answer 12

Microbiota

Question 13

Consists of not only the microorganism but also the genes they possess and their effect on the local environment within the body

Answer 13

Microbiome

Question 14

All the microbes such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that reside on and within a person sometimes referred to as the

Answer 14

Human microbiome

Question 15

It takes up temporary residence on and within humans

Answer 15

Transient microbiota

Question 16

Which part of the ear contain the same microbe as on the skin

Answer 16

Outer ear and auditory canal because the middle ear and the inner ear are usually sterile

Question 17

Which respiratory tract has an abundance of microbes

Answer 17

Upper respiratory tract such as nasal passages and throat

Question 18

Harbor virulent pathogens in their nasal passages or throats but do not have the disease usually caused by these pathogen

Answer 18

Carriers

Question 19

This respiratory tract is usually free of microbes

Answer 19

Lower respiratory tract

Question 20

It is most often implicated in the formation of dental plaque

Answer 20

Streptococcus mutans

Question 21

It is design for digestion of food absorption of nutrients and elimination of undigested materials

Answer 21

Gl tract

Question 22

Contains the largest number and variety of microbes of any colonized area of the body an estimated 500 to 600 different species primarily bacteria

Answer 22

Colon or large intestine

Question 23

It is a microbes againts microbes

Answer 23

Microbial antagonism

Question 24

It is the microbes that hang around waiting for the opportunity to cause infection

Answer 24

Opportunistic pathogens

Question 25

Bacteria and yeast that are ingested are used to reestablish and stabilize the microbial balance within our bodies are called

Answer 25

Biotherapeutic agents or probiotics

Question 26

Microbes are often organized into ______ complex communities of assorted organisms

Answer 26

Biofilms

Question 27

The bacteria that grow in tiny cluster is called

Answer 27

Microcolonies

Question 28

Biofilms are very resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, true or false

Answer 28

True

Question 29

When two or more organisms team up to produce a disease that neither could cause by itself is referred to

Answer 29

Synergism

Question 30

Bacteria found within other microorganisms are known as

Answer 30

endosymbionts

Question 31

Define as any technology application that uses biological systems living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products are processes for specific use

Answer 31

Microbial biotechnology

Question 32

Refers to the use of microbes to clean up various types of waste including industrial and toxic waste and environmental pollutants

Answer 32

Bioremediation

Question 33

Bacteria that normally consume methane in the environment that have been used to remove highly toxic solvents such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene from the

Answer 33

Methanotrophs

Question 34

Studies the factors that determine the frequency distribution and determinants of disease in human population

Answer 34

Epidemiology

Question 35

Are scientists who specialized in the study of disease and injury pattern in population and ways to prevent or control diseases and injuries

Answer 35

Epidemiologist

Question 36

Is a disease that is caused by a pathogen

Answer 36

Infectious disease

Question 37

Is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another

Answer 37

Communicable disease

Question 38

Is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person to person

Answer 38

Contagious disease

Question 39

Is the dose that takes to infect 50% of a population

Answer 39

Infective dose

Question 40

Is the dose that results in the death of 50% of the population

Answer 40

Lethal dose

Question 41

Disease that humans acquire from animal sources

Answer 41

Zoonotic disease

Question 42

A particular disease is the number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

Answer 42

Incidence

Question 43

Is the number of new cases of a particular disease that occur during a specified time period per specifically defined population

Answer 43

Morbidity rate

Question 44

Is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

Answer 44

Period prevalence

Question 45

Is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

Answer 45

Point prevalence

Question 46

Is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specific time period per a specified population

Answer 46

Mortality rate or death rate

Question 47

Is a disease that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area

Answer 47

Sporadic disease

Question 48

A disease that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area

Answer 48

Endemic disease

Question 49

A disease or outbreak that is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region usually within a short period of time

Answer 49

Epidemic disease

Question 50

Is a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously

Answer 50

Pandemic

Question 51

What are the six components in the infection disease process called chain of infection

Answer 51

1. Pathogen 2. Source of the pathogen or a reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host

Question 52

It is the six components in the infectious disease process are also known as the

Answer 52

Chain of infection

Question 53

The sources of microbes that cause infectious diseases are mainly and varied they are known as

Answer 53

Reservoir of infection or reservoir

Question 54

It is a kind of reservoir such as humans, pets, farm animals, insects, and arachnids

Answer 54

Living reservoir

Question 55

Is a person who is colonized with a particular pathogen but the pathogen is not currently causing disease in that person

Answer 55

Carrier

Question 56

Is a type of carrier that carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease or also known as asymptomatic

Answer 56

Passive carriers

Question 57

Is a type of carrier which is a person capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease

Answer 57

Incubatory carrier

Question 58

A type of carrier that harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease

Answer 58

Convalescent carriers

Question 59

A type of carrier that have completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

Answer 59

Active carriers

Question 60

Infectious disease that humans acquire from animal sources are called

Answer 60

Zoonotic disease or zoonoses

Question 61

It is a type of reservoir including insects such as fleas, mosquitoes, lice and arachnids

Answer 61

Arthropods

Question 62

It is a reservoir such as air, soil, dust, contaminated water, and foods and fomites

Answer 62

Non-living reservoir

Question 63

Inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens such as beddings, towels, eating and drinking utensils, hospital equipment, telephone, computer keyboards

Answer 63

Fomites

Question 64

It is a specialized agency of the united nations founded in 1948 that have a mission to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate disease and to improve the quality of human life

Answer 64

World health organization (WHO)

Question 65

A federal agency administered by the us department of health and human services located in atlanta georgia established in 1946. That has a mission to collaborate to create the expertise,ninformation and tools that people and communities need to protect their health

Answer 65

Center for disease control and prevention (CDC)

Question 66

Microbes purposely used to harm others in war time are called

Answer 66

Biological warfare (BW) agents

Question 67

Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness and death in situations other than war are called

Answer 67

Bioterrorism agents

Question 68

Are caused by bacillus anthraxia as for forming gram positive bacillus

Answer 68

Anthrax

Question 69

A potentially fatal microbial intoxication caused by botulinum toxin a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum as performing anaerobic gram positive bacillus

Answer 69

Botulism

Question 70

What are the two types of water pollution

Answer 70

Chemical pollution and biological pollution

Question 71

A type of water pollution that occurs when industrial insulation dump waste products into local waters without proper pre treatment, when pesticides are used to indiscriminately and when chemicals are expelled in the air and carried to the earth by rain or acid rain

Answer 71

Chemical pollution

Question 72

A type of water pollution that waste products of humans such as fecal materials and garbage that swarm with pathogens

Answer 72

Biological pollution

Question 73

What are the major steps in water

Answer 73

Sedimentation-coagulation-filtration-chlorination

Question 74

Water is considered potable or safe to drink if it contains

Answer 74

1 coliform or last per 100 ml of water