Lec Int 3-4

Question 1

serve to contract and relax

Answer 1

Muscles

Question 2

serve to support the skeleton and its articulations

Answer 2

skeletal muscles

Question 3

Muscle tissue consists of three major structural types

Answer 3

Smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Question 4

Type of muscle that lines walls of hollow viscera (GI tract, blood vessels)

Answer 4

amooth

Question 5

Type of muscle with inherent contractility. No innervation is needed, except for regulation of rate, contractile strength

Answer 5

cardiac

Question 6

40% of the body mass in normal adults and is the type of muscle attached to the skeleton for moving and supporting joints

Answer 6

Skeletal

Question 7

Innervation of smooth muscle is via the _________ nervous system

Answer 7

autonomic

Question 8

Muscles pull ______ (and hence move) a joint

Answer 8

across

Question 9

A muscle may contract up to ______% of its resting length

Answer 9

57%

Question 10

4 types of muscular action

Answer 10

Prime mover, Synergists, Fixators, Antagonists

Question 11

certain muscles whose main function is to produce a specific action.

Answer 11

Prime mover

Question 12

assist the prime mover, and compliment its action

Answer 12

Synergists

Question 13

immobilize a joint while another joint is activated

Answer 13

Fixators

Question 14

stabilize a joint while the opposite prime movers are contracting (eg flexors/extensors)

Answer 14

Antagonists

Question 15

a muscle fiber equals a ______

Answer 15

muscle cell

Question 16

Type of mucleation of muscle cells

Answer 16

multinucleated

Question 17

Term for nuclei located at the periphery of the fiber

Answer 17

syncytial arrangement

Question 18

The whole sheath around a muscle is called the

Answer 18

epimysium

Question 19

The epimysium is synonymous with the

Answer 19

deep fascia

Question 20

connective tissue holding the muscle fibers together

Answer 20

deep fascia

Question 21

The deep fascia, or epimysium, consists of

Answer 21

collagenous fibers

Question 22

To cause a joint to move, a muscle must attach to bones around the respective joint. Such attachments are accomplished via relatively avascular structures called

Answer 22

tendons

Question 23

Tendons are formed by an aggregation of the ________

Answer 23

sarcolemma

Question 24

the cell membrane surrounding the muscle fibers

Answer 24

sarcolemma

Question 25

The sarcolemmae are continuous with ______ of a tendon

Answer 25

collagenous fibers

Question 26

tendon is continuous with _______ of bone, and, in some cases, the joint capsule

Answer 26

periosteum

Question 27

attachment of muscles to each other (flat sheet of connective tissue)

Answer 27

Aponeurosis

Question 28

Two examples of aponeuroses

Answer 28

linea alba and bicipital aponeurosis

Question 29

Muscles vs tendons vascularization?

Answer 29

Vascular, avascular

Question 30

The featherlike appearance of muscles is referred to as

Answer 30

pennate

Question 31

muscle fibers approach tendon from one side (palmar interossei)

Answer 31

Unipennate

Question 32

muscle fibers approach tendon from 2 directions in a flat plane (dorsal interossei)

Answer 32

Bipennate

Question 33

muscle fibers approach tendon from all directions (biceps brachii)

Answer 33

Circumpennate

Question 34

multiples of all the above described pennate forms (deltoid)

Answer 34

Multipennate

Question 35

sensory aspect of input into the nervous system regarding the status of a muscle at any given time

Answer 35

Proprioception

Question 36

Degree of contraction of muscles State of tension in the tendon Position of limbs in space

Answer 36

Three forms of proprioception for muscles

Question 37

support of the body movement (levers) blood producers (from red bone marrow) storage (Ca++, PO4)

Answer 37

Bones

Question 38

The skeleton may be divided into two portions

Answer 38

axial and appendicular

Question 39

consists of the skull, spine, and thorax

Answer 39

axial

Question 40

consists of the upper/lower limbs

Answer 40

appendicular

Question 41

Together, the two skeletons have ____ bones in all

Answer 41

206 bones

Question 42

Five types of bone by shape

Answer 42

``` A. Long: humerus, femur (examples) B. Short: carpals, tarsals (examples) C. Flat: cranium (example) D. Sesamoid: patella (example) E. Wormian: in sutures of the skull (example) F. Irregular: vertebrae (example) ```

Question 43

Bone develops from two basic sources:

Answer 43

Intramembranous ossification, Endochondral ossification

Question 44

Type of bone development in which a fibrous membrane, which forms intramembranous bone, as typified by the bones of the skull

Answer 44

Intramembranous ossification

Question 45

Type of bone development from cartilage, which forms endochondral bone as typified by the long bones

Answer 45

Endochondral ossification

Question 46

Describe intramembranous ossification

Answer 46

1. Start with dense membrane 2. Osteoblasts produce osteod tissue, add Ca and PO4 3. Periosteum surrounds dense membrane, osteoblasts form inner surface of matrix

Question 47

Type of bone in with random matrix with soft, open spaces which forms the interior of the bone

Answer 47

Spongy bone

Question 48

Type of bone with parallel matrix which is hard and dense, that forms the exterior surface of the bone

Answer 48

Compact bone

Question 49

Externally and next to the periosteum, the layer of compact bone is called the

Answer 49

outer table

Question 50

internally (deep to the spongy bone (in compact bone), the bony layer is called the

Answer 50

inner table

Question 51

Describe endochondral ossification

Answer 51

1. A cartilaginous mold of the bone forms initially in the developing embryo 2. Osteoblasts lay down osteod, Ca and PO4 added 3. Gradually, cartilage is replaced by bone

Question 52

In endochondral ossification, cartilage persists at the ends of the bone as ______

Answer 52

epiphyseal plates

Question 53

Epiphyseal plates persist until the bone reaches its adult length, then close to form _____

Answer 53

epiphyseal lines

Question 54

a form of dwarfism that is caused by a mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3).

Answer 54

Achondroplasia

Question 55

the granular material found within the spongy portion of bones which form blood cells is called the

Answer 55

bone marrow

Question 56

In small children, virtually all marrow is

Answer 56

red

Question 57

In adults, bone marrow is identified as

Answer 57

red, yellow

Question 58

sternum, ribs iliac crest vertebral bodies

Answer 58

locations of Red Marrow

Question 59

long bones - nonfunctional, fatty tissue and has replaced red marrow to occupy the “marrow cavity.”

Answer 59

locations of yellow marrow