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Final exam EXCI 254 > Lect. 20 - Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Lect. 20 - Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the male reproductive system (1, 3 ducts, 3 accessory sex glands, 2 supporting structures)

A

testes
vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
scrotum and penis

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2
Q

supporting sac for the testes

hangs from the root of the penis

A

scrotum

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3
Q

the scrotum is externally divided medially by a ridge called ___

A

raphe

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4
Q

the scrotum is internally divided by two sacs, each contain ___

A

one testis

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5
Q

what is the dartos muscle (action + role)

A

contraction causes wrinkling of the skin of the scrotum

helps regulate the temperature of the testes - required for sperm production

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6
Q

what muscles contracts when testes are exposed to cold to keep them closer to the body for heat

A

cremaster m. and dartos m.

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7
Q

small band of skeletal muscle in the spermatic cord

continuous with the internal oblique m. of abs

A

cremaster muscle

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8
Q

blood supply from the scrotum is from the ___ ___ a.

A

internal pudendal

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9
Q

paired oval glands

develop near the kidneys in the posterior portion of the abdomen

A

testes

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10
Q

the testes descend in the scrotum during the __ month of fetal development

A

7th

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11
Q

3 parts of the testes

A

tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
lobules

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12
Q

testes - serous membrane developed from the peritoneum

forms during the descent of the testes and partially covers them

A

tunica vaginalis

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13
Q

testes - forms a septum deep to tunica vaginalis which divides each testis into several internal compartment

A

tunica albuginea

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14
Q

testes - contain 1-3 coiled tubules called seminiferous tubules

A

lobules

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15
Q

structure where sperm is produced

A

seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

cells located within the seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogenic cells

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17
Q

sperm production begins in stem cells called ____

A

spermatogonia

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18
Q

where are spermatogonia located

A

line the periphery of the tubules

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19
Q

at puberty, the spermatogonia begin to undergo ___

A

mitosis

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20
Q

what is mitosis

A

division of the nucleus of the cell that ensures each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosome as the original nucleus = DIPLOID

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21
Q

the spermatogonia also undergoes _____

A

meiosis

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22
Q

what is meiosis

A

type of cell division restricted to sex-cell production involving two successive nuclear divisions that result in new cells with the haploid (n) number of chromosomes

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23
Q

Primary spermatocytes become ___ spermatocytes, then become ____ which finally mature into sperm cells

A

secondary, spermatids

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24
Q

main role of the blood-testis barrier

A

isolate spermatogenic cells from the blood

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25
Q

why is the blood-testis barrier essential?

A

because our immune system sees the spermatogenic cells as foreign substances and will want to destroy them

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26
Q

what is the blood-testis barrier formed by?

A

joined SERTOLI cells

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27
Q

role of sertoli cells (4)

A
  • support and protect spermatogenic cells
  • nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm cells
  • remove excess spermatid cytoplasm as development proceeds
  • control the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
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28
Q

“interstitial endocrinocytes”

A

Leydig cells

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29
Q

where are the leydig cells located + role

A

in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules

- secrete testosterone

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30
Q

most important androgen (male sex hormone)

A

testosterone

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31
Q

how long is the process of spermatogenesis

A

65-75 days

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32
Q

spermatogenesis - process begins in the ___ (contain the diploid 2n chromosome number)
will undergo ___
some will develop into ___ ___ (2n), some will stay near the basement membrane for later sperm production
each primary spermatocyte will enlarge before undergoing ___ forming ____ ____

A

spermatogonia
mitosis
primary spermatocytes
meiosis, secondary spermatocytes

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33
Q

2 types of meiosis + infos

A

meiosis 1 = replication of DNA

meiosis 2 = no replication of DNA, formation of spermatids (haploid n)

34
Q

a primary spermatocyte produces __ spermatids through 2 rounds of cell division (meiosis 1 and meiosis 2)

A

4

35
Q

what is spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids into sperm

36
Q

t/f during spermiogenesis, no cell division occurs

A

true

37
Q

what is spermiation

A

release of a sperm cell from its connection to a Sertoli cell

38
Q

once ejaculated, sperm survives no more than __ __ in the female reproductive tratc

A

48 hours

39
Q

matures at a rate of 300 million/day

highly adapted cell for reaching and penetrating a secondary oocyte

A

sperm

40
Q

sperm cell - head content

A

contains the DNA and an acrosome

41
Q

vesicle that contains enzymes which aid penetration of the sperm cell into the secondary oocyte

A

acrosome

42
Q

sperm cell - midpiece content

A

contains mitochondria which provide ATP for locomotion

43
Q

sperm cell - tails role

A

propel the sperm along its way

44
Q

Once sperm is released in the lumen, it is propelled towards ___ ____ by the pressure generated by the continuous release of sperm and fluid (from the Sertoli cells)

A

straight tubules

45
Q

ducts of the testes - straight tubules lead to ___ ___(ducts) which lead into a series of coiled ducts called ___ ___

all empty into a single ___ ___

A

Rete testis
efferent ducts
ductus epididymis

46
Q

what structure lies on the posterior border of the testis

A

epididymis

47
Q

head of epididymis

A

where the efferent ducts join the ductus epididymis

48
Q

tail of epididymis

A

smaller, inferior portion which continues as the vas deferens

49
Q

role of ductus epididymis (2)

A

stores sperm

helps propel sperm into the vas deferens by peristaltic contraction

50
Q

what is the lining of the ductus epididymis made of?

A

lined with stereocilia that increase the surface area for absorption of degenerated sperm

51
Q

Ascends along the posterior border of the
epididymis, passes through the inguinal canal and
enters the pelvic cavity. Loops over the ureter and passes down behind the bladder

A

Vas (ductus) deferens

52
Q

what is the ampulla of vas deferens

A

dilated terminal portion

53
Q

joining of the seminal duct and the ampulla of the vas deferens
form just above the prostate gland and pass inferiorly and anteriorly through it

A

ejaculatory duct

54
Q

where do the ejaculatory duct terminate?

A

in the prostatic urethra

55
Q

what is being ejected by the ejaculatory duct in the urethra (2)

A

sperm and seminal vesicle secretion

56
Q

t/f urethra serves as a passageway for urine only

A

false, sperm also

57
Q

the spermatic cord passes through which canal

A

inguinal canal

58
Q

content of the spermatic cord (6)

A
  • vas deferens
  • autonomic nerves
  • testicular artery
  • testicular veins
  • lymphatic vessels
  • cremaster muscle
59
Q

main role of the seminal vesicles

A

secrete an alkaline viscous fluid that helps neutralize acid in the female reproductive tract

60
Q

structure that lies posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder

A

seminal vesicles

61
Q

structure that lies inferior to the urinary bladder

A

prostate gland

62
Q

main role of prostate gland

A

secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation and subsequently breaks down the clot

63
Q

t/f the size of the prostate gland slowly increases until puberty, then a rapid growth occurs until 50 yo

A

false, until 30 yo

64
Q

other name for bulbourethral glands

A

cowper’s glands

65
Q

structure that lies inferior to the prostate gland on either side of the membranous urethra (within the urogenital diaphragm)

A

bulbourethral gland

66
Q

main role of cowper’s glands

A

secrete an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the urethra and mucous that lubricates the linin of the urethra and penis during sexual intercourse

67
Q

content of semen

A

mix of sperm and seminal fluid

68
Q

what is seminalplasmin

A

antibiotic found in semen which can destroy certain bacteria in the semen and female reproductive tract

69
Q

after __ to __, semen re-liquifies

A

10-20 minutes

70
Q

structure that is the passageway for ejaculation of sperm and the excretion of urine

A

penis

71
Q

main regions of the penis (3)

A

body, root and glans penis

72
Q

t/f there is a pair of corpus spongiosum

A

false, only one

73
Q

t/f there is a pair of corpus cavernosum

A

true

74
Q

function of corpus spongiosum

A

keeping the spongy urethra open during ejaculation

75
Q

penis - expanded portion of the base of the corpus spongiosum
attached to inf. surface of urogenital diaphragm

A

bulb of penis

76
Q

penis - tapered portion at the proximal end (base) of the corpus cavernosum
attached to the ischial and inf.pubic ramus

A

crus of penis

77
Q

bulb of the penis is enclosed by the ____ muscle

A

bulbospongiosus

78
Q

crus of the penis is surrounded by the ____ muscle

A

ischiocavernosus

79
Q

ejaculation is a parasympathetic or sympathetic reflex

A

sympathetic

80
Q

peristaltic contractions in which 4 structures propel semen into the spongy urethra

A

ampulla of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland

81
Q

erection is a parasympathetic or sympathetic reflex

A

parasympathetic

82
Q

upon sexual stimulation, the arteries supplying the penis ___ (constrict or dilate)

A

dilate = more blood

Final exam EXCI 254 (10 decks)

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