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Final exam EXCI 254 > Lect. 19 - Urinary system > Flashcards

Lect. 19 - Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 structures of the urinary systm

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

name 2 retroperitoneal organs

A

kidneys and pancreas

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3
Q

t/f R kidney is higher than left

A

false, it is lower

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4
Q

kidney is found btw ___ and ___ vertebrae

A

T12 and L3

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5
Q

fissure through which the ureter, renal artery and vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and/or leave the kidney

A

renal hilus

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6
Q

3 layers covering the kidney

A
  1. renal capsule (deep)
  2. adipose capsule (intermediate)
  3. renal fascia (superficial)
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7
Q

which layer of kidney forms a barrier against trauma and help maintain the shape of the kidney?

A

renal capsule

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8
Q

which layer is a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule, protecting against trauma and helps hold the kidneys in place within the abdominal cavity&

A

adipose capsule

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9
Q

which layer anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and is deep peritoneum (on anterior surface)?

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

what is nephroptosis

A

floating kidney

= inferior displacement of the kidney due to a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia

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11
Q

on which population does a floating kidney occur more often

A

very thin people

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12
Q

what is the consequence of nephroptosis in serious cases

A

the ureter may kink and block the flow of urine

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13
Q

what is the renal cortex

A

superficial, extends from the renal capsule to the base of the pyramids and spaces between the pyramids

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14
Q

what is the space between the pyramids

A

renal columns

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15
Q

all of the pyramids together make up the ___ ____

A

renal medulla

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16
Q

how do we name the apex of the renal pyramids, pointing towards the center of the kidney

A

renal papilla

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17
Q

what is comprised in one renal lobe (3)

A

1 renal pyramid, its overlying renal cortex and a little bit of renal columns on each sides

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18
Q

functional portion of the kidney

A

parenchyma

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19
Q

parenchyma contains about 1 million microscopic structures called ___

A

nephrons

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20
Q

urine formed by the nephrons drains into large ___ ___

A

papillary ducts

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21
Q

papillary ducts drain into ___ ____ which in turn drain into ___ ___

A

minor calyces, major calyces

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22
Q

one minor calyces receives urine from ___ ___ and delivers it to a ____ ___

A

renal papilla, major calyces

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23
Q

urine then drains from the major calyces into the ___ ___ and then through the ___ into the urinary bladder

A

renal pelvis, ureter

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24
Q

expanded area of the renal hilus

contains the calyces, part of the renal pelvis, renal blood vessels and nerves

A

renal sinus

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25
Q

3 general functions of the kidney

A
  • regulation of blood volume and composition
  • regulation of blood pressure
  • contribution to metabolism
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26
Q

role of regulation of blood volume and composition of the kidneys (3)

A

removes wastes
formation of urine
help control blood pH by excreting excess H+

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27
Q

role of regulation of blood pressure of the kidneys (1)

A

secretion of the enzyme RENIN

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28
Q

role of RENIN

A

activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an increase in blood pressure

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29
Q

role of contribution to metabolism of the kidneys (3)

A

synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation
secretion of erythropoietin (RBC)
participate in synthesis of vitamin D

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30
Q

kidneys receive __ to ___% of the cardiac output

A

20-25%

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31
Q

within each kidney, the renal artery divides into ___ aa. which branch into ___ aa.

A

segmental aa (lobar), interlobar aa.

32
Q

at the base of the pyramids, the interlobar aa. arch between the medulla and the cortex and form the ____ aa.

A

arcuate aa.

33
Q

arcuate arteries then branch into ___ aa. which then branch off into afferent arterioles (entering the glomerulus)

A

interlobular aa.

34
Q

each nephron receives one ___ arteriole which divides to form a glomerulus (small tangled capillary network), and then capillaries reunite to form an ___ arteriole

A

afferent, efferent

35
Q

t/f Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of afferent / efferent can produce large changes in the renal blood flow and vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic circulation

A

true

36
Q

efferent arteriole divide to form a network of capillaries called ___ capillaries

A

peritubular

37
Q

blood leaves the kidney through the __ ___

A

renal vein

38
Q

extend from some efferent arterioles and supply the tubular portions of the nephrons in the renal medulla

A

vasa recta

39
Q

nerve supply of the kidney

A

originate from the celiac ganglia

pass through the renal plexus

40
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

41
Q

t/f we produce new nephron as we grow up

A

false, # remains constant after birth

42
Q

3 basic functions of the nephron

A
  1. filter blood (glomerular filtration)
  2. return useful substances to the blood (tubular reabsorption)
  3. remove substances that are not needed by the body (tubular secretion)
43
Q

nephron as 2 parts

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

44
Q

renal corpuscle function

A

plasma filtration

45
Q

renal tubule function

A

passage of filtered fluid

46
Q

renal corpuscle has 2 components

A

glomerulus

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

47
Q

renal tubule has 3 sections

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

48
Q

renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules lie in the ___ ___ while loop of henle lies within the ____

A

renal cortex, medulla

49
Q

several distal convoluted tubules empty into a single ___ ___

A

collecting duct

50
Q

collecting ducts converge to form ___ ___, which drain into the minor and the major calyces

A

papillary ducts

51
Q

glomerular capsule consists of 2 layers

A

visceral and parietal layers

52
Q

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consists of epithelial cells called ____

A

podocytes

53
Q

the ___ layer of the glomerular capsule forms the outer wall of the capsule

A

parietal

54
Q

80-85% of nephrons are ___ nephrons

A

cortical

55
Q

what is a cortical nephrons in simple terms

A

when the renal corpuscles lie in the superior portion of the cortex, with a short loop of henle

56
Q

15-20% of nephrons are ___ nephrons

A

juxtamedullary

57
Q

what is a juxtamedullary nephrons in simple terms

A

renal corpuscles lie deep in the cortex, close to the medulla, with long loops of henle

58
Q

in each nephron, the last part of the ascending limb of loop of henle comes in contact with the afferent arteriole serving the renal corpuscle. tubules cells in that area are known as ___ ___

A

macula densa

59
Q

both the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells (on the wall - smooth muscle fibers) make up the ___ ____

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

60
Q

2 types of cells are present in the distal convoluted tubule and in the collecting ducts

A
  1. principle cells

2. intercalated cells

61
Q

cells that are receptors for both ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and aldosterone (sodium and water reabsorption, potassium secretion)

A

principle cells

62
Q

cells that play a key role in the homeostasis of blood pH

A

intercalated cells

63
Q

renal tubules drain into __ ___ that in turn drain into large papillary ducts

A

collecting ducts

64
Q

glomerular filtration - fluid entering the capsular space

A

glomerular filtrate

65
Q

t/f more than 99% of the glomerular filtrate returns to the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption

A

true

66
Q

endothelial cells from the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form a leaky barrier called the __ __

A

filtration membrane

67
Q

glomerular filtration - filtered substances pass through 3 barriers

A
  1. glomerular epithelial cells
  2. basal lamina
  3. a filtration slit formed by a podocyte
68
Q

glomerular filtration - which barrier allows all solute in the blood plasma to exit the capillary but prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets

A

glomerular epithelial cells

69
Q

glomerular filtration - which barrier prevents filtration of large plasma proteins

A

basal lamina

70
Q

glomerular filtration - which barrier allows the passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino-acids, very small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions

A

a filtration slit formed by a podocyte

71
Q

glomerular filtration - contractile cells that help regulate glomerular filtration

A

mesangial cells

72
Q

tubular reabsorption mainly occurs where

A

at the proximal convoluted tubule

73
Q

what is the role of diuretics

A

slow down renal reabsorption of water and in turn cause diuresis

74
Q

what is diuresis

A

increases urination rate

75
Q

2 major outcomes of tubular secretion

A

H+ secretion helps control blood pH

secretion of other substances help eliminate them from the body

Final exam EXCI 254 (10 decks)

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