Lect. 19 - Urinary system Flashcards by Marilou Gélinas

name the 4 structures of the urinary systm

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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name 2 retroperitoneal organs

kidneys and pancreas

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t/f R kidney is higher than left

false, it is lower

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kidney is found btw ___ and ___ vertebrae

T12 and L3

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fissure through which the ureter, renal artery and vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and/or leave the kidney

renal hilus

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3 layers covering the kidney

renal capsule (deep)
adipose capsule (intermediate)
renal fascia (superficial)

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which layer of kidney forms a barrier against trauma and help maintain the shape of the kidney?

renal capsule

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which layer is a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule, protecting against trauma and helps hold the kidneys in place within the abdominal cavity&

adipose capsule

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which layer anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and is deep peritoneum (on anterior surface)?

renal fascia

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what is nephroptosis

floating kidney

= inferior displacement of the kidney due to a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia

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on which population does a floating kidney occur more often

very thin people

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what is the consequence of nephroptosis in serious cases

the ureter may kink and block the flow of urine

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what is the renal cortex

superficial, extends from the renal capsule to the base of the pyramids and spaces between the pyramids

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what is the space between the pyramids

renal columns

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all of the pyramids together make up the ___ ____

renal medulla

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how do we name the apex of the renal pyramids, pointing towards the center of the kidney

renal papilla

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what is comprised in one renal lobe (3)

1 renal pyramid, its overlying renal cortex and a little bit of renal columns on each sides

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functional portion of the kidney

parenchyma

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parenchyma contains about 1 million microscopic structures called ___

nephrons

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urine formed by the nephrons drains into large ___ ___

papillary ducts

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papillary ducts drain into ___ ____ which in turn drain into ___ ___

minor calyces, major calyces

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one minor calyces receives urine from ___ ___ and delivers it to a ____ ___

renal papilla, major calyces

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urine then drains from the major calyces into the ___ ___ and then through the ___ into the urinary bladder

renal pelvis, ureter

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expanded area of the renal hilus

contains the calyces, part of the renal pelvis, renal blood vessels and nerves

renal sinus

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3 general functions of the kidney

- regulation of blood volume and composition - regulation of blood pressure - contribution to metabolism

role of regulation of blood volume and composition of the kidneys (3)

removes wastes formation of urine help control blood pH by excreting excess H+

role of regulation of blood pressure of the kidneys (1)

secretion of the enzyme RENIN

role of RENIN

activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in an increase in blood pressure

role of contribution to metabolism of the kidneys (3)

synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation secretion of erythropoietin (RBC) participate in synthesis of vitamin D

kidneys receive __ to ___% of the cardiac output

20-25%

within each kidney, the renal artery divides into ___ aa. which branch into ___ aa.

segmental aa (lobar), interlobar aa.

at the base of the pyramids, the interlobar aa. arch between the medulla and the cortex and form the ____ aa.

arcuate aa.

arcuate arteries then branch into ___ aa. which then branch off into afferent arterioles (entering the glomerulus)

interlobular aa.

each nephron receives one ___ arteriole which divides to form a glomerulus (small tangled capillary network), and then capillaries reunite to form an ___ arteriole

afferent, efferent

t/f Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of afferent / efferent can produce large changes in the renal blood flow and vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic circulation

true

efferent arteriole divide to form a network of capillaries called ___ capillaries

peritubular

blood leaves the kidney through the __ ___

renal vein

extend from some efferent arterioles and supply the tubular portions of the nephrons in the renal medulla

vasa recta

nerve supply of the kidney

originate from the celiac ganglia | pass through the renal plexus

functional unit of the kidney

nephron

t/f we produce new nephron as we grow up

false, # remains constant after birth

3 basic functions of the nephron

1. filter blood (glomerular filtration) 2. return useful substances to the blood (tubular reabsorption) 3. remove substances that are not needed by the body (tubular secretion)

nephron as 2 parts

renal corpuscle | renal tubule

renal corpuscle function

plasma filtration

renal tubule function

passage of filtered fluid

renal corpuscle has 2 components

glomerulus | glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

renal tubule has 3 sections

proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule

renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules lie in the ___ ___ while loop of henle lies within the ____

renal cortex, medulla

several distal convoluted tubules empty into a single ___ ___

collecting duct

collecting ducts converge to form ___ ___, which drain into the minor and the major calyces

papillary ducts

glomerular capsule consists of 2 layers

visceral and parietal layers

the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consists of epithelial cells called ____

podocytes

the ___ layer of the glomerular capsule forms the outer wall of the capsule

parietal

80-85% of nephrons are ___ nephrons

cortical

what is a cortical nephrons in simple terms

when the renal corpuscles lie in the superior portion of the cortex, with a short loop of henle

15-20% of nephrons are ___ nephrons

juxtamedullary

what is a juxtamedullary nephrons in simple terms

renal corpuscles lie deep in the cortex, close to the medulla, with long loops of henle

in each nephron, the last part of the ascending limb of loop of henle comes in contact with the afferent arteriole serving the renal corpuscle. tubules cells in that area are known as ___ ___

macula densa

both the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells (on the wall - smooth muscle fibers) make up the ___ ____

juxtaglomerular apparatus

2 types of cells are present in the distal convoluted tubule and in the collecting ducts

1. principle cells | 2. intercalated cells

cells that are receptors for both ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and aldosterone (sodium and water reabsorption, potassium secretion)

principle cells

cells that play a key role in the homeostasis of blood pH

intercalated cells

renal tubules drain into __ ___ that in turn drain into large papillary ducts

collecting ducts

glomerular filtration - fluid entering the capsular space

glomerular filtrate

t/f more than 99% of the glomerular filtrate returns to the bloodstream via tubular reabsorption

true

endothelial cells from the glomerular capillaries and podocytes form a leaky barrier called the __ __

filtration membrane

glomerular filtration - filtered substances pass through 3 barriers

1. glomerular epithelial cells 2. basal lamina 3. a filtration slit formed by a podocyte

glomerular filtration - which barrier allows all solute in the blood plasma to exit the capillary but prevent filtration of blood cells and platelets

glomerular epithelial cells

glomerular filtration - which barrier prevents filtration of large plasma proteins

basal lamina

glomerular filtration - which barrier allows the passage of water, glucose, vitamins, amino-acids, very small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea and ions

a filtration slit formed by a podocyte

glomerular filtration - contractile cells that help regulate glomerular filtration

mesangial cells

tubular reabsorption mainly occurs where

at the proximal convoluted tubule

what is the role of diuretics

slow down renal reabsorption of water and in turn cause diuresis

what is diuresis

increases urination rate

2 major outcomes of tubular secretion

H+ secretion helps control blood pH | secretion of other substances help eliminate them from the body