Lect. 21 - Female reproductive system Flashcards by Marilou Gélinas

name the 6 organs of the female reproductive system

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
mammary glands

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ligaments holding the ovaries in position (3)

broad lig.
ovarian lig.
suspensory lig.

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structures of the ovary (4)

most sup to deep

ovarian mesothelium
tunica albuginea
ovarian cortex
ovarian medulla

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ovarian mesothelium

covers surface of ovary

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tunica albuginea

deep to germinal epithelium

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ovarian cortex

deep to tunica albuginea, contains ovarian follicles

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ovarian medulla

deep to the ovarian cortex

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main functional unit of the ovaires

follicles

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role of surrounding cells in the ovary (2)/

nourish oocyte and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger

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large, fluid-filled follicle that will soon rupture and expel a secondary oocyte

one mature follicle

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contains the remnants of an ovulated mature follicle

- produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates and turns into a corpus albicans (fibrous)

corpus luteum

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blood supply of the ovary (1)

ovarian artery

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on the right side, the ovarian drains into the ___, on the left it drains into the __ ___

IVC, renal veins

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innervation of ovary

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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what is oogenesis

formation of gametes in the ovaries

involves meiosis I and II

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oogonia

divide to produce millions of germ cells

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what is atresia

degeneration of most of the germ cells

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at birth, btw ___ and ___ primary oocytes in each ovary

200,000 to 2,000,000

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each month after puberty, release of ___ hormones from the pituitary gland stimulate the resumption of oogenesis

gonadotropic

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each month after puberty, meiosis _ (1 or 2) resumes in many ___ follicles
only __ will mature and ovulate

1, primary

one

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the diploid (2n) primary oocyte completes meiosis 1, producing two haploid cells of unequal size form :

smaller cells (first polar body)
larger cell (secondary oocyte)

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which of the two products of meiosis 1 receives most of the cytoplasm?

larger cell = secondary oocyte

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meiosis II begins and then stops, what happens

the mature follicle ruptures soon after and releases its secondary oocyte (ovulation)
the secondary oocyte is swept into the uterine (fallopian) tube

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what happens if sperm is present in the fallopian tube and one penetrates the secondary oocyte?

meiosis 2 resumes

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what happens if there is not sperm present when the secondary oocyte is released?

meiosis 2 never occur and it is wasted for this month

the secondary oocyte splits into 2 haploid cells of unequal size

smaller cell = second polar body | larger cells = ovum (mature egg)

___ of the sperm cell and ___ unite to form a diploid (zygote)

nuclei, ovum

one ___ gives rise to a single gamete (ovum)

oogonium

4 parts of the uterine tubes (fallopian)

infundibulum fimbriae ampulla isthmus

layers of the uterine tubes

mucosa muscularis serosa

fertilization usually occurs in the ____ of uterine tubes and may occur up to ___ after ovulation

ampulla | 24 hours

the zygote usually arrives in the uterus about __ after ovulation

7 days

Forms part of pathway for sperm to reach uterine tubes Site of menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, and development of the fetus during pregnancy

uterus

location of uterus

between the urinary bladder and rectum

7 parts of the uterus

``` fundus body cervic uterine cavity cervical canal internal os external os ```

cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity as the ___ __ and into the vagina at the ___ __

internal os, external os

ligaments which maintain the shape of the uterus (4)

broad ligaments uterosacral ligaments cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments round ligaments

uterus lig. - attach to pelvic cavity

broad ligament

uterus lig. - connect uterus to sacrum

uterosacral ligament

uterus lig. - extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina

cardinal ligament

uteris lig. - extend from uterus to labia majora

round ligament

3 layers of the uterus

``` outer perimetrium (serosa) intermediate myometrium inner endometrium ```

2 parts of the inner endometrium

stratum functionalis | stratum basalis

content of cervical mucous (6)

water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, inorganic salts

serve as a sperm reservoir, protects sperm from phagocytes in the uterus

cervical mucous

passageway for menstrual flow, childbirth, and semen during intercourse located btw urinary bladder and rectum attached to the uterus

vagina

4 structures of the vagina

fornix mucosa muscularis adventitia

fornix of vagina

surrounds the cervix of the uterus

mucosa of vagina (2)

continuous with that of the uterus | consists of transverse folds (rugae)

layer of vagina that stretches considerably to accommodate the penis during sexual intercourse and a child during birth

muscularis layer

anchors the vagina to adjacent organs like the urethra, urinary bladder, rectum and anal canal

adventitia

2 parts of the vestibule

vaginal orifice | hymen

external genitals of the female (vulva) (4)

mons pubis labia majora labia minora clitoris

elevation of adipose tissue covered with skin and pubic hair

mons pubis

two folds of skin from the mons pubis

labia majora

two smaller folds of skin very little pubic hair and few sudiferous glands contain many sebacous glands

labia minora

prepuce and glans are included in this structure

clitoris

- two elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice - Fills with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis

bulb of the vestibule

what is the perineum

diamond-shaped area medial to the thighs and buttock | contains the external genitalia and anus

perineum - bounded anteriorly by what

pubic symphysis

perineum - bounded laterally by what

ischial tuberosities

perineum - bounded posteriorly by what

coccyx

perineum - divided horizontally into an anterior ___ ___ and a posterior ___ ____

urogenital triangle | anal triangle

modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk

mammary glands

4 parts of mammary glands

nipple lactiferous ducts areola suspensory ligaments

mammary glands - pigmented projection

nipple

mammary glands - where milk emerges

lactiferous ducts

mammary glands - circular pigmented area around the nipple, contains modified sebaceous glands

areola

mammary glands - run between skin and superficial fascia and support the breast

suspensory ligaments (cooper's ligaments)

mammary glands - each lobe consists of several lobules which are made up of milk-secreting glands called ___

alveoli

milk passes from the alveoli into the ___ ____ and then into the mammary ducts

secondary tubules

near the nipple, the ducts expands into ___ ___ where milk may be stored

lactiferous sinuses

what is lactation

synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk

what hormone stimulates lactation (1 main + 2)

prolactin with help from progesterone and estrogen

ejection of milk is stimulated by an hormone release by the pituitary gland in response to sucking of an infant on the mother's nipple

Oxytocin

function of the ovarian cycle

develop a secondary oocyte

function of the menstrual cycle

prepare the endometrium each month to receive a fertilized egg

the female reproductive cycle includes both the ___ and the ___ cycles

ovarian and menstrual

The uterine and ovarian cycles are controlled by | ___ from the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of ___ and ___ by the ant. pituitary gland

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (leuteinizing hormone)

role of FSH (2)

stimulate development of secondary follicles | initiate secretion of estrogens by the follicles

role of LH (5)

- stimulate further development of the follicles - secretion of estrogens by follicular cells - ovulation - formation of corpus luteum - secretion of progesterone and estrogen by corpus luteum

dominant hormone during the pre-ovulatory phase

estrogens

during which phase do a group of follicles in the ovaries begin to undergo final maturation

pre-ovulatory phase

pre-ovulatory phase lasts approximately from days __ to __

days 6-13

ovulation usually occurs on day __

- Rupture of the dominant mature follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity - Brought on by a surge of LH

ovulation phase

both progesterone and estrogens are secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum of the ovary and the uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation

post-ovulatory phase

post-ovulatory phase is day __ to ___

15-28

if fertilization and implantation do not occur what happens

- the corpus luteum degenerates | - discharge of the endometrium followed by the start of a new reproductive cycle

if fertilization and implantation do occur, what happens

- the corpus luteum is maintained by placental hCG | - the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation

Lect. 21 - Female reproductive system Flashcards

(90 cards)