Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the 4 D’s of abnormality?

Answer 1

1. Dysfunction
2. Distress
3. Dangerousness
4. Deviance

Question 2

What does the disease model of mental illness say about abnormality?

Answer 2

• A behavior is abnormal if it is part of a mental illness.
• However, in mental illness there is not necessarily a measurable problem with your body.

Question 3

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 3

abnormality is seen as culture-dependent. Behavior cannot be universally abnormal but must be put in the context of the culture.

Question 4

How do the biological theories explain disorders?

Answer 4

• Abnormality is seen as similar to physical illness, where some part of your body is not working correctly.

Question 5

How do humanistic theories explain abnormality? is it conscious or unconscious.

Answer 5

• They say you are blocked in finding your full potential
• he problem is conscious, like seeing the world as a dangerous place.

Question 6

How do family models, sociocultural models and psychological models explain disorders?

Answer 6

• Familiy models/systemic models emphasize the role of the family in development.
• Sociocultural emphasise someone’s place in society, like low SES and Birth Cohort.
• Psychological models think disorders are due to psychological processes like beliefs and trauma.

Question 7

What was the Mental Hygiene movement? And Deinstitutionalisation?

Answer 7

• It was the belief in the 18th and 19th century that there should be a more humane treatment of mental illness - Deinstitutionalisation was due to people saying less people should be in mental institutions.

Question 8

What drug was discovered to make people more able to leave mental institutions?

Answer 8

• Phenotizines were discovered. They reduced hallucination.

Question 9

What is managed care?

Answer 9

• A system where professionals get a certain budget an allocate it to their patients.
• The care can go from small to total control.

Question 10

What are 4 ways in which you can be “normal”

Answer 10

• Normal if you do not have any disorders, so none of the 4 D’s
• Normal if you are within the statically average range
• Normal if you are in an ideal or desired state, like in line with developmental expectations or according to culture’s expectations.
• Normal if you mage to adapt to adversity. More protective factors than risk factors.

Question 11

What does Developmental Psychopathology assume about pathology in children (2)?

Answer 11

• It assumes the problems will grow worse (or better) instead of being static (on/off switch)
• It is either a delay or a dysfunction

Question 12

What are Equifinality, Multifinality and Coherence?

Answer 12

• Equifinality means that different beginnings have the same outcome
• Multifinality means that the same beginnings have different outcomes
• Coherence says that the beginning is linked to and influences the outcome. So a the outcome builds upon a good beginning.

Question 13

What are the 5 types/pathways of maladaptation?

Answer 13

1. Stable adaptation: adapted throughout entire life
2. Stable maladaptation: maladaptation that lasts throughout development.
3. Reversal of Maladaptation: your maladaptation decreases and can turn into adaptation as you develop
4. Decline of adaptation: Your adaptation earlier in life turns into maladaptation as you develop
5. Temporal Maladaptation: You temporarily decrease in adaptation and are considered maladapted. But you then develop back into adaptation.

Question 14

What is competence (and incompetence)

Answer 14

• Competence means you develop effectively in age-salient developmental tasks
• So you do not lack behind for your age.

Question 15

What are Non-specific and Specific risk?

Answer 15

• Non-specific means you are at increased risk of all disorders. Like with maltreatment
• Specific risk means you are at risk of specific disorder(s). Like the Huntington’s gene.

Question 16

What is the difference between individual, family and sociocultural risk factors

Answer 16

• Individual risk factors are things like your genes and other fysiology
• Family risk factors are your caretaking environment, like parenting
• Sociocultural risk factors are your larger environment like SES and school.

Question 17

What is more predictive of disorder, the amount of risk factor or the type of risk factor

Answer 17

• The amount of risk factors is more predictive.

Question 18

What are promotive and protective effects in reducing disorders?

Answer 18

• Promotive effects increase positive development, thus reducing risk factors no matter your risk level
• Protective effects specifically focus on people who are at increased risk.