Lecture 2 (theme 2) Flashcards
(21 cards)
3 infant mental health characteristics/factors
- Physiological functioning:
- Temperament: personal characteristics of a (young) child.
- Attachment: pattern recognition in times of stress. You attach to someone who cares for you.
What is social referencing?
- When a baby is unsure, he/she will look at their caregiver to figure out what to do/if it is safe.
What are these disturbances in very early development: Pica, Rumination, Avoidant/restricitve food intake disorder and sleep-wake disorders (3)
- Pica means a baby ingests nonfood substances like paint
- Rumination means a baby has trouble swallowing and ruminates the food in their mouth because a parent forces them to eat it. Baby does not feel save, it doesn’t feel right.
- Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder meant you have a limited apatite and are very specific. You have fear of feeding.
- Sleep-wake disorder: Things like insomnia, arousal or nightmares.
When is food intake a disorder (3)?
- When a child has no experience of hunger
- When a child has no feeding routine because of neglect
- When a baby has had a bad experience with feeding (sickness/force)
What role does the environment play in feeding disorders (3)
(usually feeding disorders are due to the environment)
- The role of the environment is that children should not be forced to eat the whole plate because then you don’t learn to respond to how hungry you are.
- Also, if the caregiver is very worried about the feeding, this increases feeding problems.
- Also, if the caregiver has feelings of incompetence and anger towards the children, this increases stress.
When is there a sleeping disorder? (insomnia, disorders of arousal and nightmare disorder)? What causes it (3)?
- Insomnia is when someone has A LOT of trouble falling and staying asleep (a little is normal).
Disorders of arousal: sleep terrors and sleepwalking
Nightmare disorders: having nightmares.
Causes:The child has a difficult temperament and insecure attachment. The parent does insensitive caregiving.
Which of the Big Five of temperament is higher in Boys and Which in girls? What is a well-adjusted temperament?
- Extraversion is higher in Boys while conscientiousness is higher in Girls.
- It is well-adjusted when a child experiences the full range of positive and negative emotions and in different (appropriate) intensities
How does warmth and positive-negative control from parents help child temperament. What is it called
- Sensitive caregiving means you have both positive and negative control
- Warmth means you show that you are connected to the child’s needs.
- Positive and negative control means you can be both strict and show warmth. You do not add stress when the child is in a stressful situation.
what are toxic stress responses?
- Parent responds to the child’s stressful situation by adding more stress (overreacting).
What is goodness of fit? What is a matched and mismatched relationship? What is match-mismatch repair?
- How well the baby and the parents fit together.
- Like easy going baby with easy going parents.
- But a bad fit would be a fearful child with strict parents.
- Match-mismatch-repair means is how children/parents respond to a mismatch to make it better ??
What are the two hypotheses of attachment theory?
- Attachment capability is something you are born with, but differences pop up because of your history with your caregiver
- Variations in the quality of attachment are also the foundation of your personality later in life.
How does continuity over time show in attachment?
- The same type of attachment shows differently across your life. If you are trustworthy as a child you might thrust your parent to catch you, while later in life it means you have a healthy relationship.
What is the organizational perspective of attachment development? Why is it probabilistic?
- A child has different stages of (attachment) development and having a healthy development in one stage supports development in the latter stages
- They are probabilistic because it can change positively/negatively due to life events and interaction with the environment.
What are 3 developmental capabilities at the end of your first year?
- You have an attachment relationship
- You have a rudimentary sense of self
- You have a basic understanding of the world
What are the four attachment pathways? How do they relate to the chance of disorders?
- Secure (more resilience to deal with problems/potential disorders)
Insecure or anxious: (organized) (Higher risk of problems but no direct relation to clinical disorders)
2. Resistant/ambivalent attachment
3. Avoidant attachment
(disorganized)
4. Disorganized/disoriented attachment (directly related to psychopathology)
What are the characteristics of secure attachment? What is caregiving history? How does it think of the Self, Significant Others and the World?
- The child communicates clearly what they want and need.
- Caregiving history is that the caregiver responds sensitively and consistently(!) to the emotional and other needs of the child. (aware and responsive to what the child shows it needs).
- Self: child feels it is worthy of care and lovable
- Significant others: child trusts that others will respond in appropriate ways
- World: child sees the world as safe and pleasant.
What are the characteristics of resistant/ambivalent attachment? What is caregiving history? How does it think of the Self, Significant Others and the World?
- The child has a sense of insecurity and uncertainty about if it will be helped. They seek help even for smaller problems that they should handle themselves
- The caregivers are not consistent in responding to the child’s needs
- Self: not sure if it is worthy of love
- Significant others: no trust that the child will always be helped
- Woord: the world is seen as sometimes pleasant and sometimes unpleasant
What are the characteristics of avoidant attachment? What is caregiving history? How does it think of the Self, Significant Others and the World?
- They are disobedient and do not seek help. They are often controlling.
- Caregiving history is that the caregiver is very rigid about the child (child needs to eat when parents say so) and they are insensitive.
- Self: Child thinks they are NOT worthy of care and love
- Significant others: Child trusts that caregivers will usually not respond to the needs
- world: child sees the world as unfriendly and not responsive.
What are the characteristics of disorganized attachment in the strange situation test? What is caregiving history? What is fright without solution?
- The child stays stressed when the caregiver is back in the room and can even add stress.
- Caregiving history is that the caregiver is seen as frightening or frightened.
- The caregiver is both a source of comfort and a source of anxiety
- Fright without solution means that the child does not know how to respond to stressful situations and the caregiver could add to the stress.
What are RAD (reactive attachment disorder) and DSED (disinhibited social engagement disorder) attachment disorders?
- RAD means the child does not seek help when distressed and has problems with emotion regulation.
DSED means that the child is not closed off to strangers and does not look to caregiver when wandering off. It is attention seeking. - RAD is more responsive to increased caregiving quality while DSED is more difficult to treat.
What is affective attunement/affectieve afstemming
Je kijkt naar de mensen om je heen en neemt hun emoties over. Lijkt op social referencing maar focust op emoties.
