Lecture 1

Question 1

what does the pre-central gyrus do

Answer 1

primary motor cortex and contains cells of origin of descending motor pathways and is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.
-these axons project to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord

Question 2

what does the post central gyrus do

Answer 2

primary somatosensory cortex

-involed w/ somatic (bodily) sensation

Question 3

what is broca’s area

where is broca’s area

Answer 3

• involved w/ the motor aspect of speech formation

- locateed in the dominant hemisphere and the frontal lobe

Question 4

what is wernicke’s area

Answer 4

other language area but located in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

Question 5

what is heschl’s gyrus

where is it

Answer 5

primary auditory cortex in te temporal lobe

Question 6

what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect

Answer 6

central sulcus

Question 7

what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect

Answer 7

central sulcus

Question 8

the parietal lobe is located between which sulcus/fissue on the medial aspect of the brain?

Answer 8

central sulcus and parieto-occipital fissure

Question 9

what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect

Answer 9

central sulcus

Question 10

what is the septum pellucidum

Answer 10

a thin partition that separates the 2 lateral ventricles

Question 11

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 11

c shaped white matter connecting the right and left hemispheeres

Question 12

where i the splenium of the corpus callosum located

Answer 12

nearest to the occipital cortex

Question 13

what causes a bend in the CNS

Answer 13

cephalic flexure

Question 14

1. what does dorsal ventral mean in spinal cord/brain stem?

2. waht does it mean for the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 14

1. post-ant

2. sup-inf

Question 15

where are the cell bodies of origin of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 15

precentral gyrus, in the primary motor cortex

Question 16

the corticospinal tract runs _____ in the midbrain
runs ______ in the pons
runs ________ in the medulla

Answer 16

crus cerebri
base of pons
pyramids

Question 17

what is the superior colliculus

inf colliculus?

Answer 17

important way-station for vision

importnat for hearing

Question 18

what is in the CNS?

PNS?

Answer 18

brain, spinal cord

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, associated ganglia

Question 19

what are the 2 things that the PNS does?

Answer 19

1. provides afferent sensory inputs to the CNS

2. executes the efferent motor commands/plans/programs being issued by the CNS

Question 20

what is the motor division of the somatic NS? sensory?

Answer 20

motor: consists of motor axons that innervate striated skeletal muscle (like biceps) which are under voluntary control
sensory: sensory receptors in the skin, striated skeletal muscle, and joints-“somatosensory”

Question 21

what does the autonomic NS control

Answer 21

involuntary muscle-cardiac and smooth muscle
glands
blood vessels

Question 22

how does the ANS maintain homeostasis and mediate response to stress?

Answer 22

by its 2 divisions:

sympathtic and parasym

Question 23

what function changes pupil size in response to your body’s need

Answer 23

automatic motor

Question 24

what is the nervous system broken up into?
what is the PNS broken up into?
what are efferent (motor) broken up into?
what is the ANS broken up into?

Answer 24

PNS and CNS
afferent and efferent
somatic and ANS
parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 25

what is found in gray matter? | white matter?

Answer 25

groups of cell bodies | bundles of axons

Question 26

what is gray matter called in the CNS? PNS?

Answer 26

CNS: Nuclei/cortex PNS: ganglia

Question 27

what is white matter called in the CNS/ PNS?

Answer 27

CNS: tract PNS: nerve

Question 28

what is basal ganglia

Answer 28

gray matter in the subcortical area

Question 29

what is neurological localizatoin

Answer 29

the process of determining what part of the NS has been affected by a disease process

Question 30

what is localized function?

Answer 30

different parts of the brain have different functions

Question 31

what is a major exception to crossing pathways?

Answer 31

cerebellar connections (control of coordiation and muscle tone) is ipsilateral

Question 32

what is a negative phenomenon? positive phenomenon? examples?

Answer 32

loss of function. ex. stroke, wekness, numbness, loss of memory inappropirate excitation ex. seizures, loss of inhibition of motor neurons causing spsticity

Question 33

what is an example of a focal lesion? multifocal? diffuse?

Answer 33

single lesion: stroke, solitary brain tumor multiple sclerosis (lesions disseminated in space and time) systemic disease: toxin, metabolic

Question 34

where do we start development

Answer 34

at the ectoderm

Question 35

which part of the ectoderm will become the entire NS? | what becomes the skin, etc?

Answer 35

neural ectoderm = neural plate surrounding ectoderm=surface ectoderm

Question 36

where are the neural folds? neural grooves?

Answer 36

folds: at lateral margins, inside neural crest groove: golds approach each other (midline)

Question 37

where does the neural crest emerge from

Answer 37

the lateral margins of the neural plate

Question 38

what are the cells that line the neural groove? | what do they eventually give rise to

Answer 38

neuroepithelial cells which ultimately give rise to all the cells of the CNS

Question 39

what do neural crest cells give rise to?

Answer 39

PNS

Question 40

what fuses at the midline to create the early neural tube. where does this occur

Answer 40

folds. occurs at about the level of the future spinal cord

Question 41

what are the steps to neurulation

Answer 41

1. central ectoderm thickens and elongates to become neural plate 2. neural plate folds at the midline and at lateral margins, inside the neural crest are neural folds. when the folds approach each other as neural groove. neural crest emerges at lateral margins of neural plate 3. neural folds start to fuse at midline to form early neural tube. neural crest cells pinch off as neural tube closes

Question 42

what does the anterior (rostral) neural tube form? | what does the post (caudal) neural tube form?

Answer 42

future brain | future spinal cord

Question 43

what is the failure of closure of anterior neuropore?

Answer 43

anencephaly "w/o a brain"

Question 44

what is failure of closure of post neuropore?

Answer 44

spina bifida w/ exposure and possibly exrusion of cord and its surr tissues `

Question 45

what are the neural crest derivatives

Answer 45

``` dorsal root ganglia cranial nerve ganglia (5, 7, 8, 9, 10) autonomic (visceral motor) ganglia adrenal medulla melanocytes ```

Question 46

what does the apical surface of the one-layer neural tube (caudal)'s central canal have? what is the basal surface?

Answer 46

apical surface w/ tight junctions | basal surface w/ basement membrane

Question 47

what kind of cell layer does the central canal have in the one-layer neural tube

Answer 47

one layer of pseduostratified ciliated columnar neuroepithelium

Question 48

in the 3 layer neural tube, what are the layers? | what do they eventually form?

Answer 48

1. ependymal cells (line the central canal) - glial cells, NOT neurons 2. mantel layer (future gray matter) 3. marginal layer (future white matter)

Question 49

in the early spinal cord, what does the mantle layer enevenly proliferate into?

Answer 49

alar plate: located dorsally, sensory-gray matter | basal plate: located ventrally, motor -gray matter

Question 50

what is the dividing line of the alar and basal plate

Answer 50

sulcus limitans

Question 51

how does the alar plate and basal plate develop in the brainstem?

Answer 51

alar: laterally (floor of 4th ventricle) basal: medially (floor of 4th ventricle)

Question 52

waht does the lateral horn gray develop from | what is its function

Answer 52

``` basal plate (mantle later) -motor in function ```

Question 53

where is the cephalic flexure wehre is the cervical flexure

Answer 53

in the region of the mesencephalon where cord meets the brain

Question 54

what does the prosencephalon become? waht does the mesencephalon become? what does the rhombencepalon become?

Answer 54

telencephalon, diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 55

what does ocular development begin

Answer 55

w/ the outpouching of the diencephalon into the optic vesicles

Question 56

``` waht does the telencephalon become? diencephalon? mesencephalon? metencephalon? myelencephalon? ```

Answer 56

- cerebrum - thalamus, optic nerve, retina - midbrain - pons, cerebellum - medulla

Question 57

``` what are the CSF-filled cavities for the... cerebral hemisphers diencephalon midbrain pons, medulla, and cerebellum ```

Answer 57

lateral ventricles 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle

Question 58

what does the ependymal layer line in the brainstem

Answer 58

ventricles (opposed to central canal in spinal cord)

Question 59

where do sensory CN nuclei end up in the 4th ventricle? what about motor CN nuclei

Answer 59

sensory nuclei are lateral | motor nuclei are medial

Question 60

do meninges surround the optic nerve?

Answer 60

yes. cuase its CNS, not PNS niggah

Question 61

what does the calcarine fissure represent

Answer 61

the primary (striate) visual cortex