Lecture 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
what makes up the central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
what makes up the periferal nervous system?
A
everything besides the brain and spinal cord. in includes that somatic PNS and visceral PNS
3
Q
Describe the somatic pns
A
nerves that innervate the skin, joints and muscles
4
Q
describe the visceral pns
A
the neurons that innervate internal organs blood vessels and glands
5
Q
what is the cerebrum associated with
A
conscious memory and thought
6
Q
what is the cerebellum associated with
A
coordination of complex motor patterns
7
Q
what is the diencephalon associated with
A
infromation relay and control of homeostasis
8
Q
what is the brain stem associated with
A
information relay and center of autonomic control for heart , lunds and digestive system
9
Q
another word for electrically acitve cells
A
neurons
10
Q
are neurons and neural circuits plastic
A
yes
11
Q
most of our senses go through what part of our brain
A
the thalamus
12
Q
what is one of our oldest senses?
A
the olfactory gland
13
Q
in what part of the brain are neurotransmitters produced?
A
in the brain stem
14
Q
what makes up the cerbral cortex
A
the entire cerebrum
15
Q
the cerebrum is made up of what 2 things
A
sulci and gyri
16
Q
another names for the the ridges on the cerebrum are called
A
gyri
17
Q
another names for the grooves on the cerebrum are
A
sulci
18
Q
what are fissures
A
deep sulci
19
Q
what is the purpose of gyri and sulci
A
to increase the surface area on the brain
20
Q
this part of the brain regulates many aspects of homeostasis like temperature , hormones, and emotions
A
hypothalamus
21
Q
the cortex can be divided into what lobes
A
frontal , occipital , parietal , temporal
22
Q
vision is associated with which lobe of the brain
A
occipital
23
Q
controlled inhibition , decision making is associated with which lobe of the brain
A
frontal
24
Q
somatosensory information is associated with which lobe of the brain?
A
parietal
25
what is the temporal lobe associated with
vsion , memory and emotion
26
in which lobe is controlled inhibition related to
the frontal lobe
27
describe controlled inhibition
something that you do not do , like taking clothes off in public. this is something that develops with age.
28
how many layers of the cerebral cortex are there?
6
29
what does cytoarchitectonic differences refer to?
the differences in the layers that make up the cerebral cortex.
30
the cytoarchitectonic differences in the brain correlate with what
differences in function and connectivity
31
where does layer 4 of the brain input informaiton
from the thalamus to the cortex
32
where does layer 5 of the cerebral cortex input information
ftom the cortex to the subcortical structures
33
what does neocortex mean
cortex that has 6 layers
34
what are the names of the cortex associated with
their function
35
any area of the cortex can be named using a numered system called
the broadman area system
36
name the 3 ways that the right and left hemispheres are connected
corpus collosum, anterior commissure , posterior commisure
37
the receptive region of the the neuron is called
dendrites
38
the biosynthetic center and receptive center of a neuron nis called
the cell body
39
the impulse generating and conducting region of the a nueron is called
axon
40
the secratory of a neuron is called
axon terminal
41
define : cluster of cells in the cns
nucleus
42
define : cluster of cells in the pns
ganglia
43
define : an enclosed bundle of fibers in the cns
tract
44
define an enclosed bundle of fibers in the pns
nerve
45
how many kinds of nerves are there
2, spinal and crainial
46
name the the nerves that go through the spinal cord
spinal nerves
47
name the nerves that go directly to the brain
crainial nerves
48
true false: spinal nerves innervate much of the body
true
49
gray or white: contains lots of cell bodies of neurons
gray
50
gray or white constains mostly axons with myelin
white
51
define procedural memory
when you learn something like a motor skill , once you learn it you dont need to relearn it like riding a bike
52
what are the 2 kinds of cells in the nervous system
neurons and glia
53
are neurons electrically active
yes
54
what is the main function of neurons
transmit information
55
this kind of cell supports neurons
glia
56
this kind of cell modulates nerve transmission
glia
57
what is the name of the most abundant form of glia
astrocytes
58
name this cell : regulates the chemical environment of neurons
astrocytes
59
are astrocytes found in the pns or cns
cns
60
what do astrocytes secrete for metabolic support
lactate
61
can astrocytes cause vasodialtion and vasoconstriction
yes
62
where are satellite cells found
in the pns
63
do satelellite cells create scars
no
64
where are microglia found
in the cns
65
wehre are microglia derived from
hematopeoietic cells
66
this kind of cell form the cns's main likne of defense against pathogens
microglia
67
what is the blood brain barrier
it blocks most immune cells from entering the cns
68
can microglia change shape
yes
69
t/f microglia can not move
false, microglia are mobile
70
t/f microglia are attracted to sites of injury
true
71
what is the function of mylenating glia
form a sheath around neural axons to speed up information transmission
72
name the 2 forms of mylenating glia
oligodendrocytes (cns) and sschwaan cells (pns)
73
are schwaan cells found in the pns or cns
pns
74
t/f shwaan cells can wrap up to 50 neurons
false , they can only wrap 1 neuron each
75
how many neurons can oligodendrocytes can wrap up
up to 50
76
this kind of cell also aids in axon regerneration after injury
shwaan cells
77
multiple sclerosis is a disorder of what?
mylenating glia
78
what is being attacked if someone has multiple sclerosis
inflammatory attacks of oligondendrocytes
79
if someone was complaining of loss of sensitivity, numbness, tingliing , and visual problems and an mri scan shows multiple white spots or lesions on the brain they are likely suffering from
multiple sclerosis
80
does multiple sclerosis affect the pns or cns
cns
81
the guilliain barre syndorme affect the pns or cns
pns
82
an inflammaatory attack on schwann cells is also known as
guillain-barre syndrome
83
if someone complains of loss of sensation , muscle weakness, which spreads to breathing muscles what could they be suffuring from
guillian -barre syndrome
84
what are the 3 ways that neurons can be classified
afferent, efferent and interneurons
85
a neuron that connects information to the cns is called an
afferent neuron
86
an axon that conducts information away from the cns is called an
efferent neuron
87
a nerons in between the primary sensory and the primary efferent neuron is called
an interneuron
88
do interneurons usually interact in far or close distances
close
89
define a synapse
a place wehre a neuron transmits information to another neuron
90
how many kinds of synapses are there and name them
2, electrical and chemical
91
name this kind of synapse : pre and post synaptic cells are linked by gap junciton s
electrical synapse
92
are electrical synapses uni or bi directional
bidirectional
93
name this kind of synapse : cells do not touch , they are separated by a synaptic cleft
chemical synapse
94
neurons can can be classified by the kind of neurotransmitter released. what are the 3 kinds of neurons
excitatory, inhibitory , modulatory
95
describe an excitatory neuron
neruons that emit enruotrnasmitter that directly promote the firing of other neurons
96
describe the inhibitory neuron
neutons that emit neurotransmittere that directly inhibit the firing of other neurons
97
describe a modulatory neuron
have a long lasting effect not directly related to firing rate
98
list 5 ways to study the nervous system
1. model organism
2. observing anatomy
3. manipulating organisms
4. lesion studies
5. detecting neural activity
99
these organisms have big axons that enabled lots of research about axonal and synaptic transmission
atlantic squid
100
we study these animals because there have large eggs
frog
101
this animal was important in studying sensory and motor systems research
the house cat
102
this animal is used to study complex animal behavior
rhesus monkey
103
what is a silver stain
it completely stains an entire neuron
104
what is a nissil stain
it stains nucleic acids , and reveals the locations of all cell bodies
105
what is immunostaing
using florescent antibodies that bond to certain proteins
106
t/f a live cell can be used to do a stain
false, cells must be dead before they can be stained
107
name the 2 kinds of tracers that can be injected into the brain
retrograde and anterograde tracers
108
is there anterograde or reterograde: taken up by the axon terminal and carried to the cell body
retrograde
109
name this tracer: taken up by the cell body or cell membrane and carried out to the axon terminals
anterograde tracer
110
what is a reversible lesion
a chemical that inhibit firing temporarily
111
what is TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation : it supresses neural activity for a short while
112
what is electrophysiology
involves detecting the electrical signals of neurons individually or collectively
113
what does an eeg do ?
it records the collective brain activity of neurons in a broad area through the scalp
114
what is a pet
it gives a map of which areas of the brain are being used do to radioactive glucose
115
what does BOLD stand for
blood oxygen level dependence
116
do active areas of the brain use oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
