Lecture 7

Question 1

the encoding , storage and retrieval of learned information is known as

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

what are the 2 main categories of memory

Answer 2

declarative & non declarative

Question 3

define declarative memory

Answer 3

storage and retreival of information that is availiable to consciousness and can be expressed by language

Question 4

define non declarative memory

Answer 4

not available to consciusness and difficult to exress in language

Question 5

this kind of memory is also known as explicit memory

Answer 5

declarative memory

Question 6

facts and knowledge that can be consciously recalled are known as what kind of memory

Answer 6

declarative memory

Question 7

non declarative memory is also known as

Answer 7

procedural memory

Question 8

declarative memory can be divided into sub categories , what are they known as

Answer 8

episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 9

specific personal experiences are in what category of memory

Answer 9

episodic memory ( declarative )

Question 10

the place where factual memory is stored is known as

Answer 10

semantic memory (declarative )

Question 11

define immediate memory

Answer 11

the ability to hold ongoing experiences in mind for a fraction of a second

Question 12

define working memory

Answer 12

ability to hold onto information for seconds to minutes

Question 13

remembering a string of digits and repeating it back are an example of what kind of memory

Answer 13

working memory

Question 14

how long can info stay in your long term memory

Answer 14

days to years

Question 15

for something to enter long term memory it must first enter _____ memory and then _____ memory

Answer 15

immediate memory and then working memory

Question 16

a condition in which memory is lost is known as

Answer 16

amnesia

Question 17

the inability to establish new memories is known as

Answer 17

anterograde amnesia

Question 18

difficulty retreiving memories that have already formed is known as

Answer 18

retrograde amnesia

Question 19

what is an engram

Answer 19

the physical embodiment of a long term memory

Question 20

what does engram depend on

Answer 20

long term changes in the strength of synaptic transmissions at specific neural connections and on the growth and loss of these connections

Question 21

what is another name for an engram

Answer 21

synaptic plasticity

Question 22

can rats indirectly tell us if they have certain types of memory

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

the memory of a spatial location in a maze seems akin to what kind of memory

Answer 23

declarative memory

Question 24

describe the morris water maze

Answer 24

a pool of opaque water with a hidden platform , the rat is placed in the maze. The rat learns where the pool of water is

Question 25

what 2 things can you measure from the morris water maze

Answer 25

1. how quickly the rat goes to the platform | 2. probe trial by taking out the platform and meausre how long a rat spends in that quadrant of the pool

Question 26

what part of a rats brain is likely missing if they fail the morris test

Answer 26

the hippocampus

Question 27

what is the effect of blocking NMDARs on memory

Answer 27

it blocks memory

Question 28

disrupting molecules important for LTP disrupts what

Answer 28

memory formation

Question 29

the hippocampus as part of its declarative memory function is tuned to what

Answer 29

place

Question 30

what are place cells

Answer 30

cells that fire in 1 place in one environment

Question 31

the area and circuits containing the hippocampus are very important in what kind of memory

Answer 31

human declarative memory

Question 32

the medial temporal lobe contains what part of the brain

Answer 32

the hippocampus

Question 33

who was henry molaison

Answer 33

he had epilepsy his hippocampus , gyrus and amygdala were removed

Question 34

what kind of memory loss did henry molasion have

Answer 34

retrograde amnesia for events 1-2 years prior to surgery . he had anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (could not remember info told to him longer than 15 minutes)

Question 35

t/f henry molaision lived a long independent life after his surgery

Answer 35

no , bc of memory challenges he was a research subject the rest of his life

Question 36

did henrys IQ decrease after surgery

Answer 36

no

Question 37

were there deficits in sensory and motor abilities after surgery

Answer 37

no

Question 38

were there deficits in reasoning , motivation or abstract thinking after Henrys surgery

Answer 38

no

Question 39

how were the memories older than 2 years affected when Henry had surgery

Answer 39

they were left intact

Question 40

name the 3 forms of memory that were left intact in HM

Answer 40

immediate, emotional and working memory

Question 41

was HM able to complete a maze

Answer 41

yeah

Question 42

the hippocampus is activated during what phase of memory

Answer 42

retrieval of memory

Question 43

what 2 things predict memory performance

Answer 43

activation of the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex predicts memory performance

Question 44

if the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal cortex were more strongly activated when an item was presented what is likely to occur

Answer 44

it would be more likely to be remembered

Question 45

in rats and humans id the hippocampus is destroyed what effect does it have on memory

Answer 45

it destroys recent memories but not old memories

Question 46

recenet memories are handled by the ______

Answer 46

hippocampus

Question 47

t/f older memories are stored in the hippocampus

Answer 47

false

Question 48

in which area of the brain are older memories likely stored

Answer 48

in the cerebral cortex

Question 49

electroconvulsive therapy affects what area of the brain

Answer 49

the cortex

Question 50

electroconvulsive therapy causes what 2 forms of amnesia

Answer 50

retrograde and anterograde

Question 51

if someone has damage to inferior temporal lobe , what will likely occur

Answer 51

we wont be able to remember object names

Question 52

if there is damage to speech areas of the brain what will likely occur

Answer 52

a patient will not remember how to make fluent speech

Question 53

the _____is the site for long term memory storage

Answer 53

cortex

Question 54

______ ______ memories are distributed over the cortex

Answer 54

long term

Question 55

remembering something recruits a network of _____ over many areas

Answer 55

neurons

Question 56

where are memories consolidated

Answer 56

in the cortex

Question 57

memories are moved from the ______ to the ______

Answer 57

hippocampus to the cortex

Question 58

memory storage for _____ memory involved in many areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex , amygdala , cerebellum and basal ganglia

Answer 58

non declarative memory

Question 59

the basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in what 2 things

Answer 59

motor control and motor learning

Question 60

the amygdala is invovled in what 2 things

Answer 60

fear and fear learning

Question 61

skill learning in humans depends on the connection between what 2 regions of the brain

Answer 61

basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

Question 62

damage to what 2 areas of the brain will profoundly interfere with learning new motor skills

Answer 62

prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

Question 63

give 2 examples of neurological diseases in which basal ganglia degenerate

Answer 63

huntingtons or parkinsons disease

Question 64

patients with huntingtons are parkinsons disease cannot do ____ ______ learning

Answer 64

complex skill learning

Question 65

acquisition of a skill depends primarily on which area of the brain

Answer 65

the hippocampus

Question 66

expression of a habit is primarily dependent on what

Answer 66

the basal ganglia

Question 67

for declarative memory short term memory storage is located in the ____

Answer 67

hippocampus

Question 68

for declarative memory long term memory is in a variety of cortical sites including

Answer 68

the wernikes area - language | temporal cortex

Question 69

what is the wernickies area associated with

Answer 69

meaning of words

Question 70

what skills is the temporal cortex associated with

Answer 70

memories of faces and objects

Question 71

does practice really make perfect

Answer 71

yes <3

Question 72

_____plays a big role in memory

Answer 72

motivation

Question 73

people who are hungry have a better memory for pictures of food items than people who are not this is an example of ...

Answer 73

motivation playing a big role in memory

Question 74

do you lose information over time

Answer 74

yes

Question 75

is it possible to have trouble forgetting information

Answer 75

yes

Question 76

is it possible to create false memories

Answer 76

yes

Question 77

after people were read aloud a list of words , they were then asked to indicate if the words were read. Many of the participants falsely reported some words. This is an example of _____ _______ memory

Answer 77

false nondeclarative memory

Question 78

t/f memories become more susceptible to distortion over time

Answer 78

true

Question 79

when people who witness an event are told inaccurate information about it , their memories become distorted. This is an example of ___ ___

Answer 79

false declarative memory

Question 80

t/f it is difficult to implant false memories

Answer 80

false , it is pretty easy

Question 81

what is korsakoffs syndrome

Answer 81

a vitamin B1 deficiency secondary to alcoholism or severe malnutrition

Question 82

korsakoffs syndrome causes degeneration to what 2 areas that connect to the hippocampus

Answer 82

the mammillary bodies of the hypthalamus and medial thalamus

Question 83

what are 3 symptoms of the korsakoffs syndrome

Answer 83

anterograde and retrograde amnesia confabulation apathy

Question 84

alzheimers disease is a ____ ____ disease

Answer 84

progressive neurodegenerative disease

Question 85

where does alzheimers disease start

Answer 85

in the hippocampus

Question 86

in alzheimers disease would symptoms like forgetting where you put your keys precede or come after forgetting your kids names

Answer 86

precede

Question 87

since alzhiemers disease starts in the hippocampus , we know that it is involved in the formation of ___ (old/new) memories

Answer 87

new memories

Question 88

t/f excessive calcium is involved in alzheimers

Answer 88

true