Lecture 10 Flashcards
(111 cards)
0
Q
Taste chemicals are soluble in what 2 things
A
Water and air
1
Q
What do taste and smell detect
A
Chemicals
2
Q
In the case of smell what are the chemicals soluble in
A
Air
3
Q
What kind of receptors do taste and smell chemicals rely on
A
G protein couples receptors
4
Q
T/f taste and smell are closely related to behavior
A
True
5
Q
What is the importance of nostrils
A
Important for distinguishing the location of odors
6
Q
The inability of smell is called
A
Anosmia
7
Q
What is a likely cause of Anosmia
A
A missing gene for that odor or a zinc deficiency
8
Q
The inability to smell any odors could be due to
A
A cold, Brain trauma
9
Q
Can you taste food without smell
A
No
10
Q
What is our oldest sense
A
Taste
11
Q
Things that you can smell are called
A
Odorants
12
Q
What do odorants interact with
A
Olfactory receptor neurons
14
Q
Where are orns located
A
Olfactory epithelium
15
Q
where do the axons of the orns connect to
A
to the olfactory bulb
16
Q
what kind of cells are orns
A
bipolar cells
17
Q
are ORNS mylenated or unmylinated
A
unmylenated
18
Q
what are the microvilia called on ORNS
A
olfactory cilia
19
Q
olfactory cilia re directly exposed to what
A
odorants
20
Q
how are ORNS regenerated
A
by stem cells
21
Q
are ORNS regenerated
A
yes
22
Q
how do cilia detect odors
A
they use their cilia
23
Q
the odorant receptors are a large family of what kind of receptors
A
g protein linked receptors
24
Q
are odor receptors variable
A
yes
25
how many odor receptors do humans have
950
26
who has better smell mice or humans
mice
27
how many odor genes are expressed in humans
400
28
each orn express how many olfactory receptors
1
29
t/f every olfactory receptor is expressed in some ORN
true
30
t/f ORNs not are selective
false
31
t/f ORNS expressing a particular receptor are sparsely distributed over the olfactory epithelium
true
32
where do ORN axons go to
the olfactory bulb
33
which has a larger olfactory bulb mice or humans
mice
34
in the olfactory bulb where do ORN axons go to
the glomeruli
35
in the bulb where axons go to the glomeruli they come in contact with 2 cells . what is the name of the cells
1. mitral cells
| 2. tufted cells
36
mitral cells and tufted cell each extend dendrites into how many glomerulus
1
37
where do the axons of glomeruli project to
the olfactory tract
38
what kind of cells do glomeruli come in contacy with
granule cells
39
t/f only some of the ORNS expressing a particular receptor project to one glomerulus
false , they all do !
40
about how many ORN go into 1 glomerulous
25000
41
about how many mitral cells go into 1 glomerulous
25
42
t/f individual glomeruli are selective for particular odors
true
43
t/f different odors activate different glomeruli
true
44
t/f complex natural substances like coffee and cheese give off hundreds of odorant
true
45
at normal concentration , how many glomeruli are activated
only a small number of glomeruli are activated
46
what is the term when a small number of glomeruli only respond to one or 2 key odorants
sparse coading
47
what is population coding
many neurons respond but at different rates . you must compare response of many neurons to deduce which stimulus is present
48
how do axons from the olfactory bulb travel
ipsilaterally
49
describe the pathway that they axons from the olfactory bulb travel
travel ipsilaterally via the olfactory tract to the piriform cortex and other cortical targets
50
most mammals have another organ of smell called the
vomeronasal organ
51
where doe the vomeronasal organ project to
to the accessory olfactory bulb
52
where does the accessoty olfactory bulb project to
tothe hypothalamus and amygdala
53
name the 2 areas of the brain that are involved in emotion and body regulation
hypthalamus and amygdala
54
what are pheromones
they are odorants detected by the vno
55
how are pheromones detected
by receptors that are differnt from the ones used in the main olfactory system
56
t/f : pheromones are secreted in urine
true
57
t/f phermones exist in humans
false
58
t/f humans lack a vomeronassal organ
true
59
t/f there is differential activation of brain areas after exposure to an odor mix containing estrogen or androgens
true
60
t/f taste indicated the nutritive value of food
true
61
are most taste molecules hydrophilic or hydorphobic
hydrophillic
62
is the threshold for detecting bitter substances low or high
low
63
t/f the threshold for detecting bitter substances is high
false , its low
64
the threshold for detecting all substances except bitter is high/low
high
65
where are taste cells clustered
in taste buds
66
t/f there are taste buds on the pharynx
true
67
list the 5 places where taste buds are found
```
tongue
palate
pharynx
epiglottis
upper 3rd of esphagus
```
68
where are taste buds primarily foundon teh tongue
on the papillae
69
where are papillae embedded
in the epithelium
70
the tongue has special structures called ___ ___which contain taste bud
taste papillae
71
how many types of papillae are found in different regions of the tongue
3
72
where are fungiform papillae found
the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
73
what type of papillaw are found on the posterior 3rd of the tongue
cicumvallate papillae
74
each circumvallate is surrounded by a __
groove
75
where are foliate papillae are found where
situated on the posterior edge of the tongue
76
t/f tastes can only be detected in certain regions of the tongue
false, all tastes can be detected over the entire tongue
77
t/f different regions of the tongue have different sensitivities to taste
true
78
where is sour most sensitive on the tongue
on the sides
79
where is bitter most sensitive on the tongue
in the back
80
where is salty most sensitive on the tongue
on the sides and front
81
where is sweet / umami most sensitive on the tongue
on the tip
82
taste buds consist of what 2 kinds of cells
basal cells and taste cells
83
where are taste cells clustered
around the taste pore
84
each taste bud has a small opening at the surface of the epithelium called a
taste poor
85
taste cells in each bud extend ___into the taste taste poor
microvili
86
the taste cell in innervated by sensory neurons called
primary gustatory afferent fibers
87
what are the 5 basic tastes
salt, sour, sweet, bitter, umami
88
which taste is poisionous food often associtaed with
bitter
89
how many taste receptors are there
5
90
t/f there is 1 taste receptor for each basic taste
true
91
t/f each taste cell only expresses one type of taste receptor
true
92
t/f each taste bud is specific for one taste
true
93
the salt receptor is channel selective for __
na
94
in the salt receptor what depolarizes the cell
na
95
the sour receptors: what directly depolarizes the cell
h+
96
what are the sour receptors permiable to
protons and cations
97
sweet and umami use the g protein ____
gustducin
98
what are the receptors that are used in sweet
t1R2 and T1R3
99
what are the receptors that are used in the umami
t1R1 and T1R3
100
what are t1 , t1r2 ,t1r3
gpcr subunits
101
are t1r2 and t1r1 expressed in the same cell
no
102
does bitter use the g protein gustaducin
yes
103
what does gustaducin activate
PLCbeta 2
104
when gustducin activates PLCbeta2 ca is released which then activates ___
TRPM5
105
T/F trpm5 is a selective cation channel
false, trpm5 is a non selective cation channel
106
when trpm5 is opened does the cell depolarize or hyperpolarize
depolarize
107
when trpm5 is activated are channels opened or closed
opened
108
when taste cells are depolarized what does this lead to
neurotransmitter release
109
what are the taste cells transmitters
serotonin and maybe ATP , and GABA
110
t/f neurons that respond to similar tastes cluster together in hot spots
truth
111
t/f different basic tastes activate different parts of the insula
true
