Lecture 1

Question 1

Components of a Plant Cell

Answer 1

• Peroxisome
• Mitochondrion
• Golgi Complex
• Microfilament
• Vacuole
• Microtubule
• Chloroplast
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosome
• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
• Plasma Membrane

Question 2

Components of an Animal Cell

Answer 2

• Flagellum
• Nucleus
• Nucleolus
• Golgi Complex
• Cytoplasm
• Basal body
• Microfilament
• Lysosome
• Centrosome: Centriole
• Ribosome
• Microtubule
• Peroxisome
• Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
• Mitochondrion
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Plasma Membrane

Question 3

Components of Plasma Membrane

Answer 3

• Phospholipid Bilayer
• Peripheral Proteins
• Integral Proteins (Transmembrane proteins)

Question 4

Glycoproteins

Answer 4

proteins with chains of carbohydrates

Question 5

Ogliosaccharides

Answer 5

chains of glcyoproteins

Question 6

Peripheral proteins

Answer 6

proteins located on the side of the membrane the inside of cell

Question 7

Integral proteins

Answer 7

proteins that go through the entire membrane and stick out on both sides. Different types, I,II,III,IV,V, VI

Question 8

Type I integral protein

Answer 8

has a COO- group on the inside of the cell and a NH3+ group on the outside

Question 9

Type II integral protein

Answer 9

Has a H3N+ group on the inside of the cell and a -OOC group on the outside of the cell. This is more common becuase the inside of the cell is usually negative

Question 10

Cholesterol

Answer 10

a lipid that adds fluidity of the membrane

Question 11

Properties of the Cell Plasma Membrane

Answer 11

• selective permeability allows passage of molecules through things like diffusion and osmosis
• Endocytosis allows phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Question 12

Pinocytosis

Answer 12

cell drinking

Question 13

Phagocytosis

Answer 13

cell eating bacteria

Question 14

Eukaryotic Cell properties

Answer 14

• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
• Cytoplasmic streaming

Question 15

Plant vs Animal Cell

Answer 15

• Animal cells have a rough ER

- Also a thicker plasma membrane and no cell wall

Question 16

Cytoplasm

Answer 16

substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus

Question 17

Cytoskeleton

Answer 17

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules that provide structure

Question 18

Cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 18

movement of the cytoplasm throughout cells

Question 19

Animal Cell Membrane Bound Organelles

Answer 19

• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
• Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Vacoules

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

• two phospholipid bilayers surrounding it

- nucleolus on the inside which creates RNA

Question 21

Ribosomes

Answer 21

• free ribosomes make proteins required in the cytoplasm
• the ones attached to the ER are proteins to go into the membrane or secreted out of the cell (works with the Rough ER so that those proteins can be transported)

Question 22

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 22

• Synthesizes proteins and transports them

- Rough ER surrounds the nucleus

Question 23

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 23

• Proteins that are synthesized from the RER are moved into the golgi, which synthesizes carbohydrates
• Post translational modification happens here
• Golgi packages up proteins to be sent outside of the cell

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

• has a double membrane
• powerhouse of the cell(allows for aerobic respiration)
• creates energy from carbs–> ATP
• Anaerobic production of ATP does not need mitochondria but is not very efficient

Question 25

Lysosomes

Answer 25

- Contain hydrolytic enzymes - phagosomes bind to lysosomes and fuse, the enzymes inside act inside phagosomes - kills inside contents of phagosome - Hydrolytic enzymes need to be protected because they destroy all living things.

Question 26

Vacoules

Answer 26

-contain material stored or brought into the cell

Question 27

Chloroplasts

Answer 27

- contain photosynthetic pigments which allows the cell to use energy from the sun instead of only carbohydrates. - also has double membrane

Question 28

Endosymbiosis

Answer 28

theory that chloroplast, bacteria and mitochondrion came from a universal ancestor

Question 29

Similarities b/w Bacteria and Mitochondria

Answer 29

- replication is binary fission - membrane is a double phospholipid - genome is DNA - etc

Question 30

Amino acid

Answer 30

- central alpha carbon(chiral/asymmetric molecule, can make stereoisomers) - All amino acid residues in natural proteins are the L-stereoisomer (as opposed to D) - w/ a carboxyl group, amino group, R side chain, H side chain all attached. - 20 different acids.

Question 31

Amino Acid Polymerization

Answer 31

Linkage of two amino acids making a dipeptide

Question 32

Amino Acid Polymers - combination

Answer 32

-through anabolic reactions, water molecules are removed when O and H connect- creating a link

Question 33

Amino Acid Polymer - breakdown

Answer 33

catabolic reactions, water is added between monomers to break up polymers into monomer units.

Question 34

classes of amino acids

Answer 34

- nonpolar aliphatic R groups - aromatic R groups - Pola uncharged R groups

Question 35

Non polar aliphatic R groups

Answer 35

- non polar and thus hydrophobic | e. g. Glycine, Alanine, Proline.

Question 36

Aromatic R groups

Answer 36

- Have a benzene or other aromatic molecule on the end - Relatively non polar and thus hydrophobic - e.g. Tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine

Question 37

Polar uncharged R groups

Answer 37

- are polar thus hydrophilic | - e.g. Serine , threonine

Question 38

Disulphide Bond Formation

Answer 38

- between amino acid residues - creates strongly hydrophobic nonpolar regions - creates 3D shape of protein - Links between amino acids