Lecture 1 - ANATOMY

Question 1

5 skeletal functions?

Answer 1

1. Protection of heart, lungs, brains, etc.
2. Support to maintain posture
3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus
5. Hemopoiesis in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs & sternum (process of bone cell formation in the red bone marrow)

Question 2

5 types of bones

Answer 2

1. long bones
2. short bones
3. flat bones
4. irregular bones
5. sesamoid bones

Question 3

What are long bones?

Answer 3

Composed of long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends
Shaft contains the medullary canal
Examples = phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna and humerus

Question 4

What are short bones?

Answer 4

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articulate surface with more than one bone.
Examples = Carpals and tarsals

Question 5

What are flat bones?

Answer 5

Usually have a curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to thin.
Examples = ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle and scapula

Question 6

What are irregular bones?

Answer 6

Examples = bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, and maxilla

Question 7

What are sesamoid bones?

Answer 7

Examples = patella, 1st metatarsophalangeal

Question 8

Diaphysis?

Answer 8

Long cyndrical shaft

Question 9

Cortex?

Answer 9

Hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

Question 10

Periosteum?

Answer 10

Dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Question 11

Endosteum?

Answer 11

Fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Question 12

Medullary (marrow) canal?

Answer 12

Between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

Question 13

Epiphysis?

Answer 13

Ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone

Question 14

Epiphyseal plate?

Answer 14

(Growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses

Question 15

Articular (hyaline) cartilage?

Answer 15

Covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

Question 16

Crest?
Epicondyle? 
Line?
Process?
Spine? 
Suture? 
Trochanter?
Tubercle?
Tuberosity?

Answer 16

Bone processes (elevations &projections)

Question 17

Facet?
Foramen?
Fossa?
Fovea?
Meatus?
Sinus?
Sulcus (groove)?

Answer 17

Bone cavities (depressions)

Question 18

What are the three major classifications of joints?

Answer 18

1. Synarthrodial
2. Amphiarthrodial
3. Diarthrodial

Question 19

What are synarthrodial joints?

Answer 19

Immovable joints
Suture, such as skull sutures
Teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla

Question 20

What are amphiarthrodial joints? What are the types?

Answer 20

Slightly movable joints

1. Syndesmosis
2. Synchondrosis
3. Symphysis

Question 21

What is syndesmosis?

Answer 21

Two bones joined together by a strong ligament
Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint
Example = Coracoclavicualar joint, distal tibiofibular joint.

Question 22

What is synchondrosis?

Answer 22

Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones.
Example = Costochondral joints of the ribs in the sternum

Question 23

What is symphysis?

Answer 23

Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between bones
Example = Symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs.

Question 24

What are diarthrodial joints?

Answer 24

Known as synovial joints
Freely moveable
Composed of sleeve like joint capsule
Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity

Question 25

What are the mean features of a diarthrodial joint?

Answer 25

Articular cartilage, ligaments, synovial fluid, tendons, joint capsule and perhaps bursa.

Question 26

What are the different types of diarthrodial joints? And examples?

Answer 26

1. Arthrodial (Gliding) 2. Ginglymus (Hinge) 3. Trochoid (Pivot) 4. Condyloid (Knuckle) 5. Enarthrodial (Ball and socket) 6. Sellar (Saddle)

Question 27

What is arthrodial or gliding joints? Examples?

Answer 27

2 plane or flat bony surfaces Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation Examples = Vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Question 28

What is ginglymus or hinge joints? Examples?

Answer 28

Uniaxial articulation Articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane Examples = Elbow, knee, talocrural

Question 29

What is trochoid or pivot joint? Examples?

Answer 29

Uniaxial articulation | Examples = proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Question 30

What is condyloid or knuckle? Examples?

Answer 30

Biaxial ball and socket joint | Examples = 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th metacarpophalangeal or knuckle joints, wrist articulation between carpals and radius

Question 31

What is enarthrodial or ball and socket? Examples?

Answer 31

Multiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint | Examples = Hip and shoulder joint (glenohumeral and acetabulofemoral)

Question 32

What is a sellar or saddle joint? Examples?

Answer 32

Unique triaxial joint | Example = 1st metacarpal joint at thumb

Question 33

What are the 3 specific types of accessory motion necessary for movement?

Answer 33

1. Roll 2. Spin 3. Glide