Lecture 2 - NEUROMUSCULAR

Question 1

How are muscles named?

Answer 1

1. Visual appearance
2. Anatomical location
3. Function
4. Shape/Size
   etc. …

Question 2

What are the 2 major types of fiber arrangements?

Answer 2

1. Parallel

2. Pennate

Question 3

What are the 5 different types of parallel muscles?

Answer 3

1. Flat
2. Fusiform
3. Strap
4. Radiate
5. Sphincter or circular

Question 4

What are flat muscles (parallel muscles)? And examples?

Answer 4

Usually thin & broad
Allows them to spread their forces over a broad area
Examples = Rectus abdominus & external oblique

Question 5

What are fusiform muscles (parallel muscles)? And examples?

Answer 5

Spindle-shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendon on each end
Allows them to focus their power onto small, bony targets
Examples = Brachialis, biceps brachii

Question 6

What are strap muscles (parallel muscles)? And examples?

Answer 6

More uniform in diameter with especially all fibers arranged in a long parallel manner
Enables a focusing of power onto small, bony targets
Examples = Sartorius

Question 7

What are radiate muscles (parallel muscles)? And examples?

Answer 7

AKA triangular, fan-shaped or convergent
Have combined arrangement of flat and fusiform
Examples = Pctoralis major, trapezius

Question 8

What are sphincter or circular muscles (parallel muscles)? And examples?

Answer 8

Endless strap muscles
Surround openings & function to close them upon contraction
Examples = Orbicularis oris surrounding the mouth (eye)

Question 9

What are pennate muscles? Examples?

Answer 9

Have shorter fibers
Arranged obliquely to their tendons in a manner similar to a feather
Arrangement increases the cross sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing the power! MORE POWER

Question 10

What are the 3 types of pennate muscles?

Answer 10

1. Unipennate
2. Bipennate
3. Multipennate

Question 11

What are unipennate muscles?

Answer 11

Fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only

Examples = biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, tibialus posterior

Question 12

What are bipennate muscles?

Answer 12

Fibers run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon

Examples = Rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus

Question 13

What are multipennate muscles?

Answer 13

Have several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them
Example = Deltoid

Question 14

What are the 4 muscle tissue properties?

Answer 14

1. Irritability
2. Contractibility
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity

Question 15

What is intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles?

Answer 15

1. Intrinsic - muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act (i.e. small muscles in the hand)
   Extrinsic - muscles that arise or originate outside of or proximal to body part on which they act (i.e.forearm muscles attach to distal humerus)

Question 16

What is innervation?

Answer 16

Segment of nervous system responsible for providing stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle

Question 17

What is the definition of origin?

Answer 17

Proximal attachment, generally considered the least moveable part or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body

Question 18

What is the definition of insertion?

Answer 18

Distal attachment, generally considered the most movable part or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body

Question 19

What are synergist muscles?

Answer 19

Assist in action of agonist
Not necessarily prime movers for the action
Known as guiding muscles
Assist in refined movement & rule out undesired motions

Question 20

What are the 2 groups of nerves from the PNS that are or primary importance?

Answer 20

1. Cranial Nerves

2. Spinal Nerves

Question 21

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 21

1. Olfactory (I)
2. Optic (II)
3. Oculomotor (III)
4. Trochlear (IV)
5. Trigeminal (V)
6. Abducens (VI)
7. Facial (VII)
8. Vestibulocochlear/ Acoustic (VIII)
9. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
10. Vagus (X)
11. Accessory (XI)
12. Hypoglassal (XII)

Question 22

How many spinal nerves are there? Names?

Answer 22

31 pairs:
Cervical nerves = 8 
Thoracic nerves = 12 
Lumbar =5 
Sacral = 5 
Coccygeal nerve = 1

Question 23

Which cranial nerves are sensory?

Answer 23

1, 2 and 8

Question 24

Which cranial nerves are primarily motor (except for some proprioceptive function) ?

Answer 24

3, 4, 6, 11 and 12

Question 25

Which cranial nerves have mixed functions - both motor and sensory?

Answer 25

5, 7, 9 and 10

Question 26

Which spinal nerves are from the cervical plexus?

Answer 26

C1-C4

Question 27

Which spinal nerves are from the brachial plexus?

Answer 27

C5 - C8 and T1

Question 28

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 28

Internal receptors located in skin, joints, muscles, and tendons which provide feedback relative to tension, length, and contraction state of muscle, position of body and limbs and movements of joints

Question 29

What is kinesthesis?

Answer 29

Awareness of position & movement of the body

Question 30

Where are muscle spindles found? Sense of....

Answer 30

Found in muscle | Speed

Question 31

Where are GTO's found? Sense of...

Answer 31

Golgi Tendon Organ Found in tendons Tension

Question 32

What are the different types of proprioceptors that are specific to joints & skin?

Answer 32

1. Meissner's corpuscles = skin, touch 2. Ruffini's corpuscles = deep layers of skin, strong & sudden joint movement 3. Pacinian corpuscles = rapid change in joint angle & by pressure, activation is brief, not effective in detecting constant pressure (similar to Ruffini's) 4. Krause's end-bulbs = skin, touch (same as Meissner's)

Question 33

What is muscle force?

Answer 33

When a muscles is contracting (concentrically or eccentrically) the rate of length change is significantly related to the amount of force potential. F = mass times acceleration

Question 34

What is active insufficiency? What is passive insufficiency?

Answer 34

Active insufficiency = reached when the muscle becomes shortened to the point that it can not generate or maintain active tension Passive insufficiency = reached when the opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen and allow movement